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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is empiricism?
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the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation; conclusions are based on direction observation
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what is rationalism?
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using logic and reason to draw conclusions and gain insight
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steps of research
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1. get to know topic (empiricism)
2. formulate a hypothesis (rationalism) 3. design the study (rationalism) 4. collect the data (empiricism) 5. analyze data and draw conclusions (both) 6. Report the findings |
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what is a theory?
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an explanation
can be complicated (many predictions) difficult to disprove complex |
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what is a hypothesis?
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a tentative guess
a prediction simple in comparison to theory easy to test/disprove |
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confounding variable
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influences the results of an experiment and makes your result unclear.
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extraneous variable
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variables which may influence your results, though you are not interested in its effects (and the factor has been controlled for)
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operational definition
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describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable; defines an abstract term for the experiment's use
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placebo effect
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occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
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sampling bias
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when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
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social desirability bias
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a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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experimenter bias
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occurs when a researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
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experiment
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manipulate a variable in controlled conditions to see whether a change occurs
advantage: causal disadvantage: confounding variables, artificial, ethical concerns |
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naturalistic observation
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observation of behavior in its natural setting without intervention
advantage: can observe phenomena as it naturally occurs disadvantage disadvantage: can't give causal information |
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case studies
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in depth investigation of a single individual using interview and observation
advantage: can give more in depth view of phenomena; compelling evidence disadvantage: often subjective, may be unusual case |
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surveys
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use of questionnaires or interviews to gather information about participants
advantage: can get difficult to observe behavior, easy way to collect empirical observations disadvantages: social desirability, response sets, unrealistic assessment |
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descriptive statistics
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central tendency, dispersion of scores, correlation
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inferential statistics
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chi-tests, multiple regression, t- tests
tells you the probability that the results were due to chance, allows you to generalize findings about a sample and apply to population (if less than 5% due to chance) |
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correlation
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when two variables are related to each other, can help predict
X could cause Y, Y could cause X, or both could be caused by 3rd variable |
