Psych 101

Front 1

Structuralism

Back 1

Our consciousness can be broken down into its essential elements

Front 2

Functionalism

Back 2

Our consciousness serves an adaptive purpose by helping us survive

Front 3

Introspection

Back 3

Part of structuralism, personal observation of our own thoughts and feelings

Front 4

Positive Psychology

Back 4

The study of positive emotions, character traits, and the enabling institutions"

Front 5

Clinical Psychology

Back 5

Assessment and Treatment of abnormal behavior

Front 6

Developmental Psychology

Back 6

Looks at how organisms develop and grow throughout their lifetimes

Front 7

Social Psychology

Back 7

Helping behaviors, compliance, stereotypes, group behavior, agression, schemas, and attraction

Front 8

Industrial Psychology

Back 8

Selection and performance evaluation

Front 9

Organizational Psychology

Back 9

Teamwork, Leadership, and Motivation

Front 10

Personality Psychology

Back 10

Looks at consistency of behavior over time

Front 11

Biological Psychology /Neuroscience

Back 11

Hormones, Neuro-functioning, Genetic Info

Front 12

Quantitative Psychology

Back 12

How we analyze data and make sense of it

Front 13

Cognitive Psychology

Back 13

Look at the role of behavior information and processing

Front 14

1st Step of Research

Back 14

Development of a Question

Front 15

2nd Step of Research

Back 15

Formation of a Hypothesis

Front 16

3rd Step of Research

Back 16

Designing a Study to Test Hypothesis

Front 17

4th Step of Research

Back 17

Collect Data

Front 18

5th Step of Research

Back 18

Analyze Data

Front 19

6th Step of Research

Back 19

Report the Findings

Front 20

Population

Back 20

Ultimate group we want to apply findings towards

Front 21

Sample

Back 21

Group being studied

Front 22

Generalization

Back 22

Needs to represent a more broad population

Front 23

Naturalistic Observation

Back 23

Observing behavior as it naturally occurs

Front 24

Pros of Naturalistic Observation

Back 24

We can observe nature as it occurs

Front 25

Cons of Naturalistic Observation

Back 25

May be expensive and time consuming

Front 26

Survey Method

Back 26

Polling a sample

Front 27

Pros of Survey Method

Back 27

Inexpensive, Large groups of people

Front 28

Cons of Survey Method

Back 28

Responses could be untruthful, attitude-behavior inconsistency

Front 29

Case Study

Back 29

A massing of information about an individual or a group

Front 30

Pros of Case Study

Back 30

A lot more detail, saving money

Front 31

Cons of Case Study

Back 31

Time consuming with one individual, Control, generalization

Front 32

Correlational Research

Back 32

How two or more variables relate to each other

Front 33

Positive Correlation

Back 33

Variables are moving in the same direction

Front 34

Negative Correlation

Back 34

Variables are moving in opposite directions

Front 35

3rd Variable

Back 35

A factor that could affect the result that was not being tested

Front 36

Independent Variable

Back 36

Variable being controlled and changed

Front 37

Dependent Variable

Back 37

Variable that is being measured

Front 38

Moderators

Back 38

Occur before experiment, show "when" a treatment works

Front 39

Mediators

Back 39

Occur during experiment, show "how" a treatment works

Front 40

Quasi Experimental Design

Back 40

Subjects cannot be randomly assigned

Front 41

Components of the Central Nervous System

Back 41

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 42

Somatic Peripheral Nervous System

Back 42

Control of body movements

Front 43

Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System

Back 43

Unconscious Actions, Heart Rate, Urination, Sexual Desires

Front 44

Dendrite

Back 44

Receives Information

Front 45

Nucleus

Back 45

"brain" of nerve cell

Front 46

Soma

Back 46

Body of Nerve Cell

Front 47

Axon

Back 47

Sends signal from soma to axon terminal

Front 48

Myelin Sheath

Back 48

Guards Axon

Front 49

Axon Terminal

Back 49

Sends information to dendrites of another nerve cell

Front 50

Synapse

Back 50

Space between axon terminal and dendrites that information is shot across

Front 51

Afferent Neurons

Back 51

Sends signals towards the brain

Front 52

Efferent Neurons

Back 52

Sends signals away from the brain

Front 53

Positive Skew

Back 53

When data mean shifts to the left

Front 54

Negative Skew

Back 54

When data mean shifts to the right

Front 55

Inferential Statistics

Back 55

Using statistical techniques to determine if differences between groups is real or due to chance

Front 56

Medulla

Back 56

Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

Front 57

Cerebellum

Back 57

Controls Fine Motor Skills,Coordination, Walking

Front 58

Thalamus

Back 58

Relays sensory information, touch, sight, sound, taste

Front 59

Hypothalamus

Back 59

"pleasure center", sex, stress response, appetitive behaviors

Front 60

Limbic System

Back 60

Contains Amygdala and Hippocampus

Front 61

Amygdala

Back 61

Threat Sensor, Aggression Center

Front 62

Hippocampus

Back 62

Make memories and stores them in Short Term

Front 63

Frontal Lobe

Back 63

Judgement, Reasoning, Problem Solving

Front 64

Parietal Lobe

Back 64

Processes the body's sensory information

Front 65

Perseveration

Back 65

Repeating an action

Front 66

Interpersonal Stickiness

Back 66

Not being able to pick up social cues

Front 67

Logorrhea

Back 67

Too many words

Front 68

Occipital Lobe

Back 68

Interprets Visual Information

Front 69

Temporal Lobe

Back 69

Sounds and Language Center

Front 70

Apaxia

Back 70

Mind and Body Disconnection

Front 71

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Back 71

Individual is very Docile and Tame

Front 72

Prader-Willis Syndrome

Back 72

Individual does not get the "full" signal when eating

Front 73

Experimental Research

Back 73

Methodology that works to eliminate allalternative explanations under carefully controlled conditions

Front 74

Pros of Experimental Design

Back 74

Highly Controlled, Most powerful for determining causation

Front 75

Cons of Experimental Design

Back 75

Artificial, Ecological Validity

Front 76

Sampling Bias

Back 76

Bias in self report

Front 77

Experimenter Bias

Back 77

Researcher subconsciously influences results

Front 78

Remedies for Bias

Back 78

Placebos, Experimental Blinding, Replication

Front 79

Schizophrenia

Back 79

Disease caused by increase of dopamine and can cause hallucinations

Front 80

Multiple Sclerosis (Demyelination)

Back 80

Auto immune disease in which the body destroys its own myelin sheaths

Front 81

Interneurons

Back 81

Allow for complex actions

Front 82

Sodium Potassium Pump

Back 82

Polarization of cells, 2 potassiums for three sodiums

Front 83

Action Potentials

Back 83

When ions cross the neuron wall, all or nothing principle. 55mlhz causes signal to be sent

Front 84

Refractory Period

Back 84

Period after action potential is sent cannot be sent again for a few moments

Front 85

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Back 85

Increases probability of action potential

Front 86

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Back 86

Sends signals across the synapse

Front 87

Acetylcholine

Back 87

Helps memory, ability to learn, and some motor functions

Front 88

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 88

Lack of acetylcholine in neurons

Front 89

Dopamine

Back 89

Brain's reward center

Front 90

Parkinson's Disease

Back 90

Too little dopamine

Front 91

Sertonin

Back 91

Controls mood, sleep

Front 92

Anxiety and Depression

Back 92

Too little serotonin causes mood disorders

Front 93

Agonists

Back 93

mimic neurotransmitters

Front 94

Antagonists

Back 94

block neurotransmitters

Front 95

Reuptake

Back 95

blocks axon terminal

Front 96

Cerebral Hypoplasia

Back 96

affects motor skills, cerebellum is not fully developed

Front 97

Prosopagnosia

Back 97

inability to recognize faces due to damage in the Occipital Lobe and Temporal Lobe

Front 98

Anton-Babinksi Syndrome

Back 98

Cortical Blindness where suffers claim they can actually see

Front 99

Motor Cortex

Back 99

Strip in the back of the frontal lobe that controls the output of motor activity

Front 100

Sensory Cortex

Back 100

Strip at front of Parietal Lobe that controls the output of sensory information

Front 101

Visual Cortex

Back 101

Lobe at the back of the brain and occipital lobe that controls the output of visual activity

Front 102

Auditory Cortex

Back 102

Lobe in the middle of the temporal lobe that controls the output of auditory information

Front 103

Aphasia

Back 103

Difficulty in producing or expressing speech

Front 104

Broca's Area

Back 104

Part of the brain in charge of speech production

Front 105

Wernicke's Area

Back 105

Part of the brain in charge of comprehension of speech

Front 106

Dyslexia

Back 106

Damage to Broca's Area that can cause difficulty in speech or transposing sounds

Front 107

Angular Gyrus

Back 107

Part of the brain associated with complex language functions

Front 108

Left Hemisphere

Back 108

Half of the brain in charge of Language and Verbal Abilities

Front 109

Right Hemisphere

Back 109

Half of the brain in charge of Spatial and Contextual Skills

Front 110

Sympathetic

Back 110

Type of Peripheral Nervous System that releases adrenaline and is involved in fight or flight

Front 111

Parasympathetic

Back 111

Type of Peripheral Nervous System that relaxes the body and de-stresses the body

Front 112

Anxiety

Back 112

Disorder attributed to an over active sympathetic nervous system

Front 113

Sensation

Back 113

The ability to detect and take in information from the environment

Front 114

Perception

Back 114

To ability to to give meaning to what we sense

Front 115

Transduction

Back 115

The process of converting a stimulus into a nerve impulse

Front 116

Bottom-Up Process

Back 116

Stimulus driven process

Front 117

Top-Down Process

Back 117

Ability to interpret stimuli process

Front 118

Wave Amplitude

Back 118

Physical Dimension of Light waves that corresponds to brightness

Front 119

Wave Length

Back 119

Physical Dimension of Light waves that corresponds to color

Front 120

Cornea

Back 120

Protects eye from germs, covers iris and pupil

Front 121

Pupil

Back 121

Hole in which light enters the eye

Front 122

Iris

Back 122

Controls how much light enters the eye, contracts or dilates pupil

Front 123

Lens

Back 123

Focuses light into the retina, acts like a camera

Front 124

Retina

Back 124

Lining in the back of the eye that helps us see

Front 125

Rods

Back 125

Photoreceptors in the outer retina that helps us see in dark light, night vision

Front 126

Cones

Back 126

Photoreceptors in the center retina that helps us see colors and brightness

Front 127

Near Sighted

Back 127

Condition in which the lens focuses light in front of the retina

Front 128

Far Sighted

Back 128

Condition in which the lens focuses light behind the retina

Front 129

Presbyopia

Back 129

Condition in which the eye loses it elasticity over time and becomes far sighted

Front 130

Fovea

Back 130

Central part of Retina

Front 131

Ganglion Cells

Back 131

Neuron cell on the inner surface of retina, receives information from photoreceptors

Front 132

Bipolar Cells

Back 132

Transmit signals from ganglion cells to photoreceptors

Front 133

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Back 133

Theory that there are three types of cones sensitive to various wavelengths (Red, Green, Blue)

Front 134

Opponent Process Theory

Back 134

Theory that every cone has opponent cells that see opposite colors

Front 135

Color Blindness

Back 135

Condition when a person may only have one or two types of cones as opposed to threes

Front 136

Optic Chiasm

Back 136

Space where optic nerves cross in the brain

Front 137

Pinna

Back 137

Outer Ear

Front 138

Auditory Canal

Back 138

Canal that connects pinna to inner ear

Front 139

Tympanic Membrane

Back 139

Divides external ear from inner ear

Front 140

Ossicles

Back 140

Three small bones that are connected and transmit sound waves to inner ear

Front 141

Cochela

Back 141

Curled tube in ear that contains the nerves for hearing

Front 142

Basilar Membrane

Back 142

Membrane inside cochlea that has tiny hairs

Front 143

Auditory Nerve

Back 143

Nerve that sends sound signals to temporal lobe

Front 144

Malleus

Back 144

First bone inside ear (also called the hammer)

Front 145

Incus

Back 145

Second bone inside ear (also called the anvil)

Front 146

Stapes

Back 146

Third bone inside ear (also called the stirrup)

Front 147

Semicircular Ducts

Back 147

Ducts that are filled with fluids that send information of balance to the brain

Front 148

Eustacian Tube

Back 148

Drains fluid from ear to throat or back of the nose

Front 149

130dB

Back 149

Threshold of pain (in decibels)

Front 150

Neural Deafness

Back 150

Damage to Cochlea or to the hair cells in Cochlea

Front 151

Oval Window

Back 151

Where Stapes connects to the Cochlea

Front 152

Conduction Deafness

Back 152

Involves damage to the mechanical systems thatamplifies sound waves

Front 153

Frequency Theory

Back 153

Theory that hair cells replicate the frequency of a certain sound

Front 154

Place Theory

Back 154

Theory in which the brain understands pitch is based on what part of the Basilar membrane has the most neural activity

Front 155

McGurk Effect

Back 155

Occurs when auditory component of one sound is paired with a visual component of a different sound

Front 156

Delusions

Back 156

Odd or inappropriate interpretations of things

Front 157

Capgras Syndrome

Back 157

Neurological Condition where familiar people in your environment are imposters

Front 158

Gestalt Principles

Back 158

Built-in tendencies to organize incoming sensoryinformation

Front 159

Figure

Back 159

What is prominent in the visual field

Front 160

Ground

Back 160

Less noticeable object

Front 161

Inattentional Blindness

Back 161

When you miss seeing something in plain sight

Front 162

Reversible FIgures

Back 162

Being able to switch back and forth between figure and ground

Front 163

Weak Central Coherence

Back 163

Refers to the fact when someone with Autism looks at an image, that focus on the details but not the big picture

Front 164

Gestalt Cues

Back 164

Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, and Connectedness are Top Down ________ _____

Front 165

Autism

Back 165

A disorder where people sometimes cannot form Gestalt Principles

Front 166

Proximity

Back 166

Gestalt Principle that says nearby figures are grouped together

Front 167

Similarity

Back 167

Gestalt Principle that says objects that look or act the same are grouped together

Front 168

Continuity

Back 168

Gestalt Principle that says we perceive smooth and continuous patterns rather than discontinuous patterns

Front 169

Closure

Back 169

Gestalt Principle that says we perceptually fill in the gaps

Front 170

Connectedness

Back 170

Gestalt Principle that says we perceive connected objects as a single grop

Front 171

Binocular Cues

Back 171

Vision taken in by two eyes, Depth perception

Front 172

Monocular Cues

Back 172

Vision that only requires one eye. Size, texture, gradient, height, etc

Front 173

Convergence

Back 173

The degree to which eyes turn in to a focus on a close object

Front 174

Retinal Disparity

Back 174

A slight difference in the apparent position as seen by left and right retinas

Front 175

Overlap

Back 175

If one object partially covers another, we perceive it as closer

Front 176

Relative Size

Back 176

If two objects are the same size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller image on our retina as farther away

Front 177

Texture Gradient

Back 177

When texture is more detailed, the object is closer to the retina

Front 178

Relative Height

Back 178

Objects that are high in the visual field are assumed to be farther away

Front 179

Relative Motion

Back 179

Objects that move past you faster are assumed to be closer

Front 180

Linear Perspective

Back 180

The farther away parallel lines are, the closer they become together

Front 181

Relative Brightness

Back 181

Objects that are farther away tend to be darker

Front 182

Entrainment

Back 182

Process of resetting the biological clock

Front 183

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Back 183

A pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms

Front 184

Pineal Gland

Back 184

Small gland in the brain that produces melatonin

Front 185

Zeitgebers

Back 185

External cues we use to reset our biological clock

Front 186

Circadian Rhythm

Back 186

Body's biological clock

Front 187

Melatonin

Back 187

Neurotransmitter that increases sleepiness

Front 188

Electroencephalogram

Back 188

Machine that records brains spontaneous electrical activity

Front 189

Alpha Waves

Back 189

Brain Waves released when the Brain is awake, Slower than waves emitted during sleep.

Front 190

REM Sleep

Back 190

Transition stage of sleep, rapid eye movement.

Front 191

Theta Waves

Back 191

Fast Brain Waves released when you are drowsy and sleepy

Front 192

Beta Waves

Back 192

Brain waves released during REM and when a person is concentrated

Front 193

Delta Waves

Back 193

Brain waves that start to be released as deep sleep occurs

Front 194

1st Stage of Sleep

Back 194

When a person starts to fall asleep, slowing heart rate, slowing of breathing rate. Easily woken up.

Front 195

2nd Stage of Sleep

Back 195

Person is officially asleep.

Front 196

3rd Stage of Sleep

Back 196

Person enters deep sleep and begins to emit Delta waves

Front 197

4th Stage of Sleep

Back 197

Can observe sleep walking and sleep talking

Front 198

5th Stage of Sleep

Back 198

Rapid Eye movement sleep, Transition to lighter sleep. Dreams occur.

Front 199

Paradoxical Sleep

Back 199

When a person is asleep but their brain waves reflect a person who is awake, REM Sleep

Front 200

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

Back 200

Unusual sensory phenomena experienced just before or during awakening.

Front 201

Hypnogogic Hallucinations

Back 201

Mental phenomena that occur during this "threshold consciousness" phase include lucid thought, lucid dreaming, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.

Front 202

Narcolepsy

Back 202

Sudden onset of sleepiness or drowsiness

Front 203

Cataplexy

Back 203

Low levels of hypocretin

Front 204

Hypocretin

Back 204

Neurotransmitter produced by the hypothalamus and functional in the regulation of appetite and sleep.

Front 205

Sleep Apnea

Back 205

A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.

Front 206

Insomnia

Back 206

A condition when falling asleep and waking up are difficult. Symptoms of depression and anxiety

Front 207

REM Behavior Disorder

Back 207

Lack of muscle paralysis during REM and causes sufferers to act out their dreams

Front 208

Sleep Walking

Back 208

Occurs during the first half of sleep where a person walks around or does an activity while still asleep

Front 209

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Back 209

A person who begins to lose the ability to sleep as they age

Front 210

Latent Content

Back 210

Hidden Psychological Meaning of a Dream

Front 211

Manifest Content

Back 211

Actual Content of the Dream

Front 212

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

Back 212

Hypothesis that dreams mean nothing

Front 213

Hypnosis

Back 213

Systematic Procedure that produces a heightened stateof suggestibility

Front 214

Disinhibition

Back 214

Lack of restraint and disregard for social conventions

Front 215

State Theory

Back 215

Hypnosis does produce a different state of consciousness

Front 216

Social Role Theory

Back 216

Subject is doing what he or she believes is appropriate in this situation, social conventions

Front 217

Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness

Back 217

Consciousness is divided into two streams, one focuses on hypnotist and one is aware of everything else

Front 218

Hidden Observer

Back 218

Stream of consciousness that focuses on everything other than the hypnotist

Front 219

Trance Logic

Back 219

The ability to entertain two mutually inconsistent ideas at the same time

Front 220

Buddha

Back 220

"The Awakened One"

Front 221

Focused Attention

Back 221

Focusing on a specific object, sound, or experience

Front 222

Open Monitoring

Back 222

Looking at the contents of your thoughts in a non-judgmental way

Front 223

Substance Abuse

Back 223

Self-administration of drugs in a way thatdeviates from a culture’s norms

Front 224

Substance Dependence

Back 224

When a person needs a drug to function normally

Front 225

Psychological Dependence

Back 225

Thoughts that you cannot function without the drug

Front 226

Physical Dependence

Back 226

My body will react negatively if I do not take the drug

Front 227

Tolerance

Back 227

Greater amounts of the drug are needed to achieve the same effect

Front 228

Withdrawal

Back 228

Intense craving for the drug and negative physicalexperiences after the drug is taken away from the person

Front 229

Sedatives

Back 229

Drug class that slows down the activity of the nervous system

Front 230

GABA

Back 230

Neurotransmitter that slows down the nervous system

Front 231

Alcohol

Back 231

Drug class that affects GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitters and impacts prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and medulla

Front 232

Glutamate

Back 232

Neurotransmitter that excites the nervous system

Front 233

Stimulants

Back 233

Drug class that increases alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time

Front 234

Learning

Back 234

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Front 235

Classical Conditioning

Back 235

Learning in which a stimulus evokes a response that is typically evoked by a different stimulus

Front 236

Unconditioned Behaviors

Back 236

Behaviors that occur without learning

Front 237

Condition

Back 237

Behavior or stimulus that must be learned

Front 238

Acquisition Stage

Back 238

Taking a stimulus that will not illicit a response and adding a stimulus that will illicit a response to try and condition response to original stimulus

Front 239

Conditioned Stiumulus

Back 239

Stimulus that was originally neutral but when associated with unconditioned stimulus it starts to illicit a response

Front 240

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 240

Stimulus that automatically triggers a reaction

Front 241

Extinction

Back 241

Presenting only the conditioned stimulus

Front 242

Renewal Effect

Back 242

Response that is extinguished in a new context, reappears in the old context

Front 243

Generalization (Learning)

Back 243

Producing the same conditioned response to a similar conditioned stimulus

Front 244

Discrimination

Back 244

Conditioned response only in presence of some stimulus but not to all

Front 245

Higher-Order Conditioning

Back 245

Conditioned stimulus functions like an unconditioned stimulus

Front 246

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 246

Reoccurrence of conditioned response when they haven't seen the conditioned stimulus in a while

Front 247

Forward Conditioning

Back 247

Conditioned Stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus

Front 248

Predictability

Back 248

Conditioned stimulus is always associated with an unconditional stimulus. Don't tease them

Front 249

Signal Strength

Back 249

Depends on the values of the conditioned stimulus

Front 250

Attention

Back 250

Being aware of the environment, subject must be aware of unconditioned stimulus

Front 251

Aversive Conditioning

Back 251

Avoiding things that have negative responses

Front 252

Taste Aversion

Back 252

Aversive conditioning specifically related to taste (i.e. Food poisoning). Very hard to extinguish

Front 253

Evaluative Conditioning

Back 253

A change in liking something associated with either a positive or negative experience

Front 254

Antabuse

Back 254

Drug that makes you vomit when exposed to alcohol

Front 255

Exposure

Back 255

Exposing someone with a phobia to the thing they are afraid of and they are prevented from escaping

Front 256

Systematic Desensitization

Back 256

Trying to take association of fear with something and replace it with an alternative reaction

Front 257

Operant Conditioning

Back 257

The behavior operates on the environment to produce a reward or punishment

Front 258

The Law of Effect

Back 258

Behaviors that are reinforced will reoccur

Front 259

Positive Reinforcement

Back 259

Rewarding a good behavior

Front 260

Primary Positive Reinforcers

Back 260

Have natural, biological, primary value

Front 261

Secondary Positive Reinforcers

Back 261

Aquire their value through association with primary reinforcers

Front 262

Negative Reinforcement

Back 262

Punishing a negative behavior

Front 263

Punishment

Back 263

Needs to be consistent, immediate, explained, and salient

Front 264

Escape Learning

Back 264

A response that ends an aversive stimulus

Front 265

Avoidance Learning

Back 265

A response that prevents an aversive stimulus

Front 266

Extinction (Conditioning)

Back 266

Removing the reinforcers

Front 267

Shaping

Back 267

Reinforcing steps of a behavior

Front 268

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Back 268

Reinforcing a behavior every time it happens

Front 269

Fixed Interval Schedule

Back 269

Reinforcing someone after a set interval of time has passed (Paychecks)

Front 270

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 270

Reinforcing someone after a varied interval of time has passed (Pop Quizes)

Front 271

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 271

Reinforcing someone after a set amount of responses has passed (Selling magazines for school)

Front 272

Variable Ratio Schedule

Back 272

Reinforcing someone after a varied amount of responses has passed

Front 273

Observational Learning

Back 273

People learn by observing others

Front 274

Vicarious Conditioning

Back 274

Learning by observing the consequences that happen to others

Front 275

Encoding

Back 275

Code and put into memory

Front 276

Storage

Back 276

Maintain in memory

Front 277

Retrieval

Back 277

Recover from memory

Front 278

Visual Code

Back 278

Coding visual stimuli and remembering visual images

Front 279

Acoustic Code

Back 279

Coding auditory stimuli and remembering sounds

Front 280

Semantic Coding

Back 280

Coding senses with deep context

Front 281

Short-Term Memory

Back 281

Sensory information that deteriorates over an amount of time

Front 282

Long-Term Memory

Back 282

Ability to hold information for a long period of time

Front 283

Sensory Memory

Back 283

Holding large amounts of incoming information for a very short period of time

Front 284

Iconic Memory

Back 284

Sensory information for visual information, transmits as visual code

Front 285

Echoic Memory

Back 285

Sensory information for auditory information, transmits as acoustic code

Front 286

Recall

Back 286

Re-accessing events from or stimuli from the past

Front 287

Shallow Level of Processing

Back 287

Visual processing

Front 288

Intermediate Level of Processing

Back 288

Acoustic processing

Front 289

Deep Level of Processing

Back 289

Semantic processing

Front 290

Dual Coding Theory

Back 290

The more codes you use to learn something, the better it will be retained

Front 291

Short Term Memory Capacity

Back 291

7 terms +/- 2

Front 292

Short Term Memory Duration

Back 292

About 20 Seconds with no rehearsal

Front 293

Maintenance Rehearsal

Back 293

Repetitively verbalizing a piece of information

Front 294

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 294

Repetitively thinking of the meaning to a piece of information

Front 295

Working Memory

Back 295

One's ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention (I.e. Reading)

Front 296

Semantic Networks

Back 296

A knowledge base where closely related pieces of information are grouped together

Front 297

Schemas

Back 297

A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

Front 298

Script

Back 298

Our general knowledge of the sequence of events

Front 299

Explicit Memory

Back 299

Memory with conscious recall

Front 300

Semantic Memory

Back 300

Memory consisting of facts and general knowledge

Front 301

Episodic Memory

Back 301

Memory consisting of personally experienced events

Front 302

Implicit Memory

Back 302

Memory without conscious recall

Front 303

Procedural Memory

Back 303

Memory of motor and Cognitive Skills

Front 304

Priming

Back 304

Memory of enhanced identification of words or objects

Front 305

Declarative Memory

Back 305

Memory related to explicit memory

Front 306

Procedural Memory

Back 306

Memory related to implicit memory

Front 307

Retrospective Memory

Back 307

Memory for past events

Front 308

Prospective Memory

Back 308

Remembering to remember to do something

Front 309

Event Based Memory

Back 309

Remembering to do something when certain events are present

Front 310

Time Based Memory

Back 310

Remembering to do something at a certain time

Front 311

Serial Position Effect

Back 311

People remember best words at the beginning or end of a list

Front 312

Primary Effect

Back 312

Tend to remember the primary objects in a list

Front 313

Recency Effect

Back 313

Tend to remember the most recent words in a list

Front 314

Recognition

Back 314

Type of retrieval where more cues are present

Front 315

Environmental Reinstatement Effect

Back 315

Tend to recall information best if we return to the same environment that we learned it

Front 316

State Dependent Effect

Back 316

Tend to recall information best when in the same emotional state as when we remembered it

Front 317

Mood Congruent Effect

Back 317

Tend to recall information best when your mood and the emotional tone of the material are the same

Front 318

Misinformation Effect

Back 318

Your memory is influenced by misleading information

Front 319

Leading Question

Back 319

Question in which the answer is implied

Front 320

Recovered Memories

Back 320

Memories that occur after you've forgotten them and a stimulus allows you to recall them

Front 321

Repressed Memories

Back 321

Memories that are purposefully blocked

Front 322

Source Monitoring

Back 322

Process of making inferences about the source of a memory

Front 323

Decay

Back 323

The disappearing of a memory over time

Front 324

Interference

Back 324

The displacement of memory with other information

Front 325

Retroactive Interference

Back 325

New learning interferes with old

Front 326

Proactive Interference

Back 326

Old learning interferes with new

Front 327

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 327

The loss of memory and the subsequent inability to create new memories

Front 328

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 328

Amnesia for past events, problems with getting information into long term meory

Front 329

Hyperthymesia

Back 329

The ability to remember everything

Front 330

Autobiographical Memory

Back 330

Remembers all of your episodic memories

Front 331

Flashbulb Memories

Back 331

An unusually vivd and detailed memory of an event

Front 332

Mnemonics

Back 332

A learning device that improves remembering information

Front 333

Method of Loci

Back 333

A method of memory enhancement which uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one's environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information

Front 334

Galton

Back 334

Scientist who was interested in splitting up people based on their intelligence and abilities

Front 335

Alfred Binet

Back 335

Scientist who tested people's mental age

Front 336

Mental age

Back 336

Testing to find what questions children of each age can answer

Front 337

IQ

Back 337

Intelligence Quotient (Mental Age/ Chronological Age x 100)

Front 338

Lewis Termon

Back 338

Brought Binet's test over to Stanford and established it as an IQ test

Front 339

David Wechsler

Back 339

Redesigned Stanford-Binet IQ test and expanded the scope of intelligence

Front 340

Verbal Comprehension Scale

Back 340

IQ Test: Traditional Vocabulary Skills

Front 341

Perceptual Reasoning Scale

Back 341

IQ Test: Working on puzzles and visual challenges

Front 342

Working Memory Scale

Back 342

IQ Test: Testing memory (chains of numbers) and Arithmetic

Front 343

Processing Speed Scale:

Back 343

IQ Test: How quickly you can do nonverbal tests and puzzles

Front 344

Bell Curve

Back 344

Normal Distribution of Data with Standard Deviations from the Mean

Front 345

Deviation IQ Score

Back 345

How far your IQ deviates from a mean score of 100

Front 346

Psychological Test

Back 346

Systematic procedure for observing behavior in a standard situation and describing that performance with a numerical scale or categories

Front 347

Test-Retest

Back 347

The test scores are similar no matter how many iterations of the test are given and taken

Front 348

Split-Half

Back 348

Each section of the test are all contributing equally to the final score

Front 349

Internal Consitency

Back 349

How similar each item on a test is to each other

Front 350

Content Validity

Back 350

The extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct

Front 351

Predictive Validity

Back 351

The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

Front 352

External Validity

Back 352

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

Front 353

Heritability Estimate

Back 353

Estimate of how much of intelligence is due to genetics

Front 354

Reaction Range

Back 354

The range of intelligence you are born with is affected by genetics and your environment

Front 355

Flynn Effect

Back 355

A fluid growth in IQ scores from 1950 and on (predominantly nonverbal IQ scores)

Front 356

Extreme Environments

Back 356

An extreme change in the environments a person is raised in