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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health Psychology
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is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.
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Biopsychosocial model
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Holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
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Stress
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Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities. |
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Primary Appraisal of Stress
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Is an initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you, (2) relevant but not threatening, or (3) stressful.
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Secondary Appraisal of Stress
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Is an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress.
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Major Sources of Stress
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Frustration, which occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted. For example, traffic jams. Conflict occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression. Life changes are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment. Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure life change as a form of stress, giving higher points (life change units) for more stressful events. Pressure involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way―pressure to perform or to comply. |
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Negative Emotional Responses to Stress
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Annoyance, anger, rage Apprehension, anxiety, fear Dejection, sadness, grief |
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Positive Emotional Responses to Stress
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Positive emotions experienced while under duress having adaptive significance, promoting creativity and flexibility in problem- solving, facilitating the processing of important information about oneself, and reducing the adverse physiological effects of stress.
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The inverted-U hypothesis
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High emotion can sometimes negatively influence task performance, more so for highly complex tasks and less so for simple ones.
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Physical Responses to Stress
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The fight-or-flight response is adaptive if one is faced with a predator; however, modern stressors are more long-term. - Selye formulated a theory about how stress reactions occur called the general adaptation syndrome.The alarm stage occurs when an organism recognizes a threat and mobilizes resources―essentially enters the FF response. The resistance stage occurs when the stress is prolonged. This is a period when physiological arousal stabilizes but is still above baseline, as the organism copes with the stressor. The exhaustion stage occurs when the body’s resources are depleted; Selye believed that this is where diseases of adaptation come in. |
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Behavioural Responses to Stress
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- Behaviourally, people respond to stress at different levels. - Coping refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress. These may involve giving up and blaming oneself (learned helplessness―passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events), striking out at others aggressively (usually the result of frustration; Dollard’s frustration-aggression hypothesis), self-indulgement (eating, drinking, smoking, shopping), defensive coping (erecting defense mechanisms), or constructive coping (realistically appraising situations and confronting problems directly). |
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Effects of Stress on Psychological Function
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-Impaired task performance -Burnout -Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) -Psychological problems and disorders -Positive effects(personal growth, self improvement) |
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Effects of Stress on Physical Health
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-Psychosomatic diseases (hypertension, ulcers, asthma, eczema, and migraine headaches) -Heart Disease -Decreased immune system response |
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Factors Moderating Stress
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Social support or the various types of aid and succor provided by members of one’s social network appear to decrease the negative impact of stress. Having an optimistic style also appears to lead to more effective coping with stress, while pessimistic styles have been related to passive coping and poor health practices. Conscientiousness also appears to be related to increased longevity, possibly because being conscientious leads to better health habits. Physiological factors, such as cardiovascular reactivity to stress, appear to play a role in how significant the impact of stress is on an individual. |
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Coping with Stress
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-Seeking treatment -Communication with health care providers -Following medical advice |
