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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the reasons that influence us on how we consider criminal behaviour?
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-media
-politics -costs -personal experience |
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What is the difference between intra-individual and inter-individual differences?
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Intra-individual = Within....why a person commits a crime one day but not another
Inter-individual = Between....why one person commits a crime but someone else doesnt |
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What does PIC-R stand for?
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Personal, Interpersonal, Community, Reinforcement
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What is the difference between distal and proximal factors?
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Distal = historical
Proximal = immediate, situational |
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What are the "Central Eight" risk factors?
And which ones are the "Big Four" out of them? |
-History of antisocial behaviour
-Antisocial personality pattern -Antisocial cognition -Antisocial associates -Family/marital -School/work -Leisure/recreation -Substance abuse |
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Is crime rate increasing or decreasing in Canada overall?
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Decreasing
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What percentage of all crime in Canada is considered violent?
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26.1% (including common assault and weapon possession)
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What is the CCRA?
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Law that governs how things are managed
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Approximately how many % report using drugs prior to or during commission of crimes?
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50%
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What classifies someone to go to Provincial jurisdiction versus Federal jurisdiction?
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Provincial = offenders with sentences under 2 years, community sentences or probation; young offenders
Federal = offenders with sentences of 2 or more years |
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Parole reduces the sentence imposed by the courts
True or false? |
False
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Parole is automatically granted when an inmate becomes eligible
True or false? |
False
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The majority of offenders released on parole are convicted of new crimes
True or false? |
False
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Victims and their views are not considered during parole decisions
True or false? |
False
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Essentially anyone can be a parole board member, even ex-offenders?
True or false? |
True
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Offenders can request assistance at hearings, even from lawyers
True or false? |
True
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Parole decisions can be appealed by offenders?
True or false? |
True
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Age has some influence on the type of crime committed?
True or false? |
True
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How much % has the overall crime rate decreased since 1998?
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21.8%
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What is Canada's incarceration rate compared to most Western European countries? Compared with the United States?
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-Higher than Western European countries
-Lower than US |
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What is Canada's incarceration rate per 100,000 people?
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117 per 100,000
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What is the funnel?
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It shows that relatively few crimes actually result in sentences to federal prisons.
For example in 2008: -242,988 convictions -85,748 admission to provincial/territorial -4,825 sentenced to federal juristdiction |
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Sentences for men are usually longer than for women?
True or false? |
True
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What is the average amount of money spent in victimization-related costs?
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$47 billion
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What is the Crime Severity Index?
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-Tracks changes in severity of police-reported crime from year to year
-More serious crime carries higher weight than less serious crime -Weights are derived from actual sentences handed |
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The budget for criminal justice in US is about $192 billion, in New Zealand it's $9.1 billion. What are the costs in Canada?
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$13 billion
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What are the factors that make crime a major concern for Canadians?
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-Prevalence of crime
-Costs -victimization issues |
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What does parsimonious mean in regards to what makes a strong theory?
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-Why have 10 variables when 5 will do?
-Minimum # possible for maximum explanation value |
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What were the findings when looking at genetic links to criminal records when comparing adopted parents, biological parent and their son?
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-If both the adoptive parent and biological parent had a criminal record, son was most likely to as well.
-If just adoptive, next likely -If just biological, next likely -If they didn't son was least likely. |
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What are the limitations of looking at adoption studies when looking for criminal behaviour patterns?
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-We have to make general assumptions about non-adoptees
-Environments are often more advantageous for adoptees |
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What do genetics tell us about antisocial behaviour?
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At best, individuals are only predisposed to antisocial behaviour, genetics doesn't cause it.
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What is the link between testosterone and aggression?
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-There is a positive relationship, but weak
-Stronger effect in males -Stronger effect when taken in the afternoon/at night |
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What is the link between serotonin and anti sociality?
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-Serotonin levels lower in antisocial individuals
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What is serotonin?
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Behavioural inhibition, mood regulation; correlation between malfunctioning serotonin and aggression
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What is dopamine?
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Feelings of pleasure; high and low levels of dopamine are linked to aggresion
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What is norepinephrine?
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Reaction to short-term stress; high levels of norepinephrine are correlated with aggression
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When looking at brain structures, damage to which lobe of the brain has most replicated abnormality in offenders?
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Pre-frontal lobe
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When looking at Evolutionary Psychology, what are Proximate explanations and Ultimate explanations?
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Proximate: how behaviour develops over the course of an organism's life
Ultimate: what function a behaviour has for contributing to the survival of the entire species |
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Explain the theory "microscope"
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Circles:
-Society on outside: crime as a social phenomenon (conflict theories-competing groups, strain theories-restricted access to material success, controls theories-self control or conformity) -Community: geographical variations in crime. Differential Opportunity Theory-examination of why crime rates are higher in lower income neighbourhoods -Social groups: interpersonal influences. -Crime events: crime patterns, situtaions where crime occurs. The analysis of the crime, not the individual -Psychology: internal, individual |
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What is the Immediate Situation and how does it inform our understanding of criminal behaviour?
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-Do I commit a crime or not? Is it going to get me what I want? What is the probability of getting caught? Can I handle the consequences?
-Temptations, facilitators, inhibitors, and stressors. -Behavioural history, balance of rewards/costs, then criminal conduct |
