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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are examples of tests of working memory?
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-Radial Arm Maze
-Barnes Maze -Delayed T-Maze |
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What are examples of tests of Reference memory?
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-Radial arm maze
-Barnes Maze -Water Maze |
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Does content change in working memory?
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Yes, content changes
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Does content change in reference memory?
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No, content is fixed
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What brain structure does spatial memory rely on?
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Hippocampus
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What brain structure does non-spatial (cued) memory rely on?
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Basal Ganglia
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What brain structure does passive avoidance conditioning and two way active avoidance require?
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Amygdala
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How does the hippocampus do space?
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Temporarily links memory for associations
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How does the neocortex store information?
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By creating and strengthening synapses
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What are the major excitatory/inhibitory NTs in the brain?
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Glutamate/GABA
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What kind of receptors are AMPA receptors?
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Ionotropic (fast)
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What are the consequences of more AMPA receptors (What type of post-synaptic potentials)?
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More excitatory Post-synaptic potentials
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What kind of receptors are NMDA receptors?
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Metabotropic (Slow)
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What are the consequences of adding NMDA receptors to a synaps?
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Long term changes
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Alcohol is an antagonist at _____ receptors. This reduces the release of ____. Alcohol is an agonist at _____ receptors. This elevates _____ levels. This enhances endogenous _____ release.
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NMDA, Glutamate. GABA, Dopamine. Opioid.
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The effects of alcohol are similar to lesioning what brain structure?
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Hippocampus
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What are Ritalin and Adderall prescribed for?
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ADHD and narcolepsy
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What kind of drug is Ritalin?
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Methylphenidate
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What kind of drug is Adderall?
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Ampethamine and dextroamphetamine
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Why do people use ADHD medications illicitly? What demographic are they?
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To stay awake to study. Male, white, seniors, greek.
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What drugs has a chain substituted derivative of amphetamine and a chemical structure more closely related to cocaine?
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
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What drug is an amphetamine and some minor modifications to amphetamines’ chemical structure to produce other compounds?
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Adderall
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Name 4 examples of stimulants.
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Cocaine. Amphetamine. Caffeine. Nicotine.
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What does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) do?
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breaks down dopamine
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What does ampethamine Transporter (DAT) do?
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reuptakes dopamine
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How does cocaine function at the synapse?
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Blocks dopamine reuptake transporters (Monoamine transporters)
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Will DAT and SERT knockout mice still self-administer cocaine?
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No, only DAT knockout mice will.
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How does dopamine function at the synapse?
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Increases dopamine in the cytosol by reversing DAT and SERT
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What chromosome is the SRY gene contained on and what does it do?
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Y chromosome. Induces male genitalia.
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What time of hormones are necessary for male development (make gonads)? What is an example of this time of hormone?
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Androgens. Ex: Testosterone
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What time of hormones do both sexes have? What affect do they have in females? What effect do they have in males?
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Estrogens. Breast growth in females. Maturation of sperm and ejacluate ratio of sperm in men.
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What does the Alpha Feta Portein do?
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Makes male brains masculine. Prevents female brains from becoming masculine. Prevents estrogen from entering the brain cells.
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What two hormones cause the mullerian ducts to digress?
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antimullerian hormone and testosterone
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Wolfian ducts turn into _____ sex organs with the presence of testosterone. Mullerian ducts turn into ____ sex organs.
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Male. Female.
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A lack of testosterone induces which sex's genitalia.
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Female
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How is androgen sensitivity related to DNA?
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the gene that makes testosterone receptors is dysfunctional
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What external and internal genitalia do androgen insensitives have? Can they be fertile?
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testes. nothing internal. No
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What sex are people with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? What hormone do they have too much of? Why?
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Female. Testosterone, because they cannot convert it to DHT because they lack 5-alpha-reductase
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What are appetitive behaviors in male and female rats?
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Grooming, investigation, motor activity
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What are consummatory beaviors in females? In Males?
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Lordosis in females. Mounting, intromission, and ejaculation in males.
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What are proceptive behaviors in females?
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ear wiggling, darting, hopping
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What does DHT do? What does a lack of DHT lead to?
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creates external gentalia. Leads to female external genitalia
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Characteristics of Diestrus I
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Cells are shriveling and lysed. Increasing progesterone and estrogen
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Characteristics of Diestrus II
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No cells. increasing progesterone and estrogen
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Characteristics of Proestrus
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Full healthy cells with nuclei visible. Peak estrogen and progesteron.
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Characteristics of Estrus
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Cornified dead cells. Decreasing progesterone and estrogen.
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What brain regions are involved with sexual behavior?
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Medial preoptic area. Basolateral amygdala.
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What happens if you lesion the medial preoptic area?
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Copulation is inhibited
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What happens if you lesion the basolateral amygdala
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reduced response to receive a sexual reinforcer
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What NTs are involved in sex? How do they affect sex behavior?
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Dopamine agonists stimulate sexual arousal, antagonists disrupt behavior. Opioid agonists inhibit sex behavior.
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What effect does ethanol have on sex behavior.
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disrupts copulation
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What is resting membrane potential?
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-60 to -80 mV
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What are the two types of electrical signaling?
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Graded and action potentials
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What element is mostly on the outside of the axon? inside?
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NA+. K+
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Conduction of action potential does not change ____ or _____. At each point along the axon the action potential is ______.
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Size, shape. Regenerated
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What is the order of events to produce an action potential?
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1. Sodium channels open, NA+ rushes in.
2. Potassium channels open, K+ leaves. 3. Sodium Channels close 4. Potassium channels close |
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Can another action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?
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NO
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Can another action potential be generated during the relative refractory period?
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Yes, but it's difficult.
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How much faster is conduction is myelinated axons?
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4 times faster
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