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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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validity
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the extent to which a test or procedure measures the phenomenon it's supposed to measure
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four types of validity
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statistical
construct external internal |
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statistical validity
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accuracy of conclusions drawn from a statistical test
(NOTE: to enhance statistical validity, must meet critical assumptions of a statistical procedure) |
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"p < .05"
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this means that you will be rejecting the null hypothesis incorrectly 5% of the time
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construct validity
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validity of a theory--that the theory explains the nature of the data we analyze
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external validity
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can results be generalized to other conditions outside the set of participants tested on
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internal validity
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ensures that the IV did cause a change in the DV and not something else
(NOTE: must eliminate confounds that subtract from potential explanatory power of the IV) |
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confound
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a major threat, or uncontrolled variable, that might affect the outcome (or validity) of a study
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maturation confound
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DV changes occur solely as a result of participants growing older or more experienced
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Particularly relevant to longitudinal studies
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history confound
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DV changes due to variation in events outside the study's IV effects
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food intake during the holidays
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testing confound
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participants show DV changes due to practice in repeated measures
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Ex: Exam II scores higher than Exam I
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instrumentation confound
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DV changes due to the measuring instrument's variability
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Ex: variable scales, timers
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regression to the mean confound
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the effect of initially high scorers showing score reductions and initially low scorers showing score increases--more extreme to less extreme
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selection confound
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result of groups not randomly selected and assigned to groups; they're unequivalent
cause in change of DV unknown |
Ex: use of intact groups (sororities, schools)
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attrition confound
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participants drop out differentially across groups, causing biased results
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diffusion of treatment confound
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participants in different experimental conditions share info from their manipulation and reduce experimental differences across groups
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sequence effects (confound)
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in REPEATED measures design, or WITHIN-SUBJECTS design, participants are exposed to different experimental conditions, but the order is constant; changes in DV MAY be caused by the ORDER of the presentation and not the condition
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