Psyc 2101 Exam 1

Front 1

Experiment

Back 1

A method in which the investigator manipulates one (independent)variable under carefully controlled conditions, and observes whether any changes occur in a second (dependent) variable as a result.

Front 2

Independent Variable

Back 2

A condition or event that the experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

Front 3

Dependent Variable

Back 3

The variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable.

Front 4

Experimental Group

Back 4

Consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

Front 5

Control Group

Back 5

Consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

Front 6

Correlations

Back 6

When two variables are related to each other.

Front 7

Case Study

Back 7

In-depth investigation of an individual participant

Front 8

Naturalistic Observation

Back 8

Careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects.

Front 9

Surveys

Back 9

Structured questionnaires designed to solicit information about specific aspects of participants’ behavior.

Front 10

Roots of Happiness

Back 10

Money - positively correlated (up to 75K)

Age - unrelated

Gender - pretty unrelated

Parenthood - basically unrelated

Intelligence - unrelated

Health - moderately correlated

Social Activity - positively correlated

Religion - modest relation

Marital Status - positively correlated

Front 11

Personality

Back 11

An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

Front 12

The Big Five

Back 12

1. Extraversion (+ emotionality)
2. Neuroticism (- emotionality)
3. Openness to Experience
4. Agreeableness
5. Conscientiousness

Front 13

Psychoanalytic Theory

Back 13

Personality is somewhat controversial and based on three main assumptions:

1. Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control
2. Childhood exp. play significant role in determining adult personality
3. Personality is shaped by the manner in which the individual copes w/ sexual urges

Front 14

Personality's 3 Structures

(accord to Freud)

Back 14

1. Id - (devil on shoulder) primitive, instinctive component, operates according to pleasure principal
2. Ego - (exec in the middle) decision making component that operates according to reality
3. Superego (angel on other shoulder) moral component that incorporates social standards and represents what is right and wrong

Front 15

Layers of Consciousness

(Awareness)

Back 15

1. Conscious - fully aware of material at a particular point
2. Preconscious - just below the surface of awareness
3. Unconscious - well below the surface of conscious awareness
   

Front 16

Pictorial Representation

of Awareness

Back 16

Front 17

Defense Mechanisms

Back 17

1. Repression
2. Projection
3. Displacement
4. Reaction formation
5. Regression
6. Rationalization
7. Identification

Front 18

Repression

Back 18

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Front 19

Projection

Back 19

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person.

Front 20

Displacement

Back 20

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Front 21

Reaction formation

Back 21

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings

Front 22

Regression

Back 22

Involves a reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Front 23

Rationalization

Back 23

The creation of false but plausible excuses to justify unjustifiable behavior

Front 24

Identification

Back 24

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Front 25

Jung

Back 25

Also focused on the unconscious, which is comprised of two layers:

1. Personal Unconscious - similar to Freud's unconscious layer
2. Collective Unconscious - a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from other people's ancestral post that is shared with the entire human race.

Front 26

First to describe introverted and extroverted.

Back 26

Jung

Front 27

Behavioralism

Back 27

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychologyshould study observable behavior.

Front 28

Classical Conditioning

Back 28

Think Pavlov

w/ a neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response and then a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

Front 29

Operant Conditioning

Back 29

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by theirconsequencesbody.

Includes reinforcers and punishers.

Front 30

Positive Reinforcement

Back 30

Occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by pleasant stimulus.

Front 31

Negative Reinforcement

Back 31

Occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Front 32

Punishment

Back 32

Occurs when a response is weakened (decreases in frequency) b/c it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus.

Front 33

Humanism

Back 33

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans,especially their free will and their potential for personal growth.

Front 34

Humanism's 3 Main Ideas

Back 34

1. Humans have an innate drive towards personal growth.
2. Humans exercise free will over their actions.
3. Humans are largely rational beings driven by conscious, not unconscious needs.

Front 35

Roger's Person-Centered Theory

Back 35

Personality contains only one construct, the self-concept and if it matches our actual experiences, our self-concept is congruent with reality. If our ideas about ourselves do not match reality, this disparity is called incongruence, which undermines our well-being.

Front 36

Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization

Back 36

Human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs

Humans have an innate drive toward personal growth and the greatest need is the need for self-actualization –the fulfillment of one’s potential.

Front 37

Heritability Ratio

Back 37

An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.

Front 38

Sensation-seeking

Back 38

A generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation

Front 39

Narcissism

Back 39

A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, as sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.

Front 40

Stress

Back 40

Any circumstance that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well-being and tax one's coping abilities.

Front 41

Appraisal

(Stress)

Back 41

Stress is subjective so. . . differences depend on appraisal.

Primary Appraisal - initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings.

Secondary Appraisal - if viewed as stressful, then we make a secondary appraisal, or an evaluation of our ability to cope.

Front 42

Primary Appraisal

Back 42

Initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings.

Front 43

Secondary Appraisal

Back 43

If viewed as stressful, then we make a secondary appraisal or an evaluation of our ability to cope.

Front 44

3 Basic Stress Categories

Back 44

1. Acute Stressors - threatening events that have a short duration and a clear end point.
2. Chronic Stressors - threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.
3. Anticipatory Stressors - upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening.

Front 45

3 Types of Internal Conflicts

Back 45

1. Approach - Approach
2. Avoidance - Avoidance
3. Approach - Avoidance

Front 46

Approach - approach

Back 46

Mustmake a choice between two attractive goals.

Front 47

Avoidance - avoidance

Back 47

Mustmake a choice between two unattractive goals.

Front 48

Approach - avoidance

Back 48

Must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal, which has both pros and cons.

Front 49

3 Stress Response Levels

Back 49

1. Emotional
   
2. Physiological
   
3. Behavioral
   

Front 50

Emotional Responses

Back 50

Usually negative and fall into 3 categories

1.Annoyance, anger, and rage

2.Apprehension, anxiety, and fear

3.Dejection, sadness, and grief

Front 51

Physiological Responses

Back 51

• Fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking or fleeing an enemy.
  
• This occurs in the ANS - autonomic nervous system, which“is made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smoothmuscles, and glands."

Front 52

2 Divisions of ANS

(Autonomic Nervous System)

Back 52

1. Sympathetic Division - mobilizes energy during emergencies, engages the fight-or-flight response.
2. Parasympathetic Division - conserves energy, has calming effect on body.

**Unfortunately the flight-fight response is not well suited for modern threats.

Front 53

General Adaptation Syndrome

Back 53

Hans Seyle's model of body's stress response.

3 Stages

1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion

Front 54

Alarm Phase

Back 54

Initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages.

Front 55

Resistance Phase

Back 55

If threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins.

Front 56

Exhaustion Phase

Back 56

Ifthe threat continues too long, the body’s resources are depleted, leading tophysical exhaustion and illness.

Front 57

Behavioral Responses

Back 57

Usually refer to coping mechanisms which can be healthy or unhealthy

Front 58

Burnout

Back 58

A syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a loweredsense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress.

Front 59

PTSD

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Back 59

Involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.

Symptoms include: trauma via flashbacks and nightmares, emotional numbing, alienation, social relation problems, elevated arousal, guilt, and anxiety.

** A key predictor is intensity of reaction at time of event.**

Front 60

Psychosomatic Diseases

Back 60

Genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors.

Common diseases include: high blood pressure, peptic ulcers, asthma, eczema and hives, migraine and tension headaches.

Front 61

Coping

Back 61

Efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Front 62

Coping Ways

Back 62

1. Giving Up
2. Acting Aggressively
3. Indulge yourself
4. Blaming yourself
5. Using defensive coping strategy

Front 63

Constructive Coping

Back 63

Deal w/ stressful events that are judged to be relatively helpful.

Involves: confronting problems directly, effort, realistic appraisals of stress & coping resources, learning to recognize & manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress

Front 64

3 Main Constructive Coping Strategies

Back 64

1. Appraisal focused
2. Problem focused
3. Emotion focused

Front 65

Appraisal Focused Coping Strategy

Back 65

• Detecting and disputing negative self talk
  
• Rational thinking
• Using positive reinterpretation
• Finding humor in the situation
• Turning to religion

Front 66

Problem Focused Coping Strategy

Back 66

• Active problem solving
  
• Seeking social support
• Enhancing time management
• Improving self control
• Becoming more assertive

Front 67

Emotion Focused Coping Strategy

Back 67

• Releasing pent up emotions

• Distracting oneself

• Managing hostile feelings and forgiving others

• Exercising

• Meditating

• Using systematic relaxation procedures

Front 68

Appraisal Focused Constructive Coping

Ellis's A-B-C Model

Back 68

• Negativeappraisals (or beliefs) are often associated with catastrophic thinking, whichexaggerates the magnitude of our problems.

• Positive(realistic and/or optimistic) appraisals allow constructive coping.

A - Activating Event

B - Belief System

C - Consequence