Psyc 1020 ( Learning)

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Ivan Pavlov is famous for his idea of

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Classical conditioning

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Give three phases of classical conditioning

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Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery

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"The process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli"

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Habituation

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Responding more strongly to repeated stimuli over time

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Sensitisation

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Classical conditioning is

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A form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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Stimulus that does not instinctually elicit a response from the organism

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Conditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned stimulus

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Stimulus that instinctually elicit an automatic, reflexive response from the organism

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An automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus

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Unconditioned response

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Each pairing of CS and UCS is called

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Trial

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Conditioned response (CR) is

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Response that was previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is now elicited by a neutral stimulus (CS)

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The phase of learning by pairing CS and UCS

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Acquisition

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What is temporal contiguity?

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How close in time the CS and UCS are paired together

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When UCS comes before CS, this is called

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Backward conditioning

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As CS and UCS are presented closer in time, the faster/slower learning occurs?

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Faster

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Extinction is ?

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A phase where CR is reduced and eventually eliminated when CS is given without UCS

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When extinct CR re emerges after a delay if the CS is presented again

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Spontaneous recovery

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When stimuli similar to CS produce CR

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Stimulus generalisation

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When a weaker CR is shown to stimulus different to original CS

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Stimulus discrimination

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What is higher-order conditioning?

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The difficulty in classical conditioning to a CS we have repeatedly experienced without the UCS (

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Latent inhibition

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"The process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors"

This is a definition of ?

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Learning

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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by punisher

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Operant conditioning

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➕ reinforcement

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Stimulus that ⬆️ response

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What does operant conditioning behavior called ?

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Shaping

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➖ reinforcement

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Removing stimulus to ⬆️ response

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⬇️ behavior either negatively or positively

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Punishment

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Primary reinforcer is

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An innately reinforcing stimulus (satisfy biological need)

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Conditioned reinforcer is

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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

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Partial reinforcement is

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Reinforcing a response only part of the time

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Partial reinforcement is

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Reinforcing a response only part of the time

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✅ much greater resistance to extinction

❎ slower acquisition process

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Partial reinforcement

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The Bobo beat down experiment by Albert Bandura explains

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Observational learning

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All associations are learned equally ( true/false ) ?

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False. Species can more easily learn associations that help them thrive or survive ( animals may differ to one another and different from human)

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There are two types of learning which are

A) associative and observational

B) associative and repeated approach

C) kinesthetics and behavorial repetition

D) observational and automatic

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A) associative (classical and operant conditioning) and observational (Bobo exp)

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The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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Modelling