Psyc 100 Chapter 8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The persistence of learning over time through the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Front 2

Recall

Back 2

A measure of memory whereby a person must retrieve information learned earlier (like a fill-in-the-blank question)

Front 3

Recognition

Back 3

The ability to identify items that have been previously learned (like in a multiple-chocie question)

Front 4

Relearning

Back 4

A measure of memory that assesses the time saved when learning material for a second time

Front 5

Measures of Retention

Back 5

Measurement of memory retention are usually measured using recall, recognition, and relearning

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Encoding

Back 6

The processing of information into memory

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Storage

Back 7

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Front 8

Retrieval

Back 8

The process of bringing information to the forefront of the mind from storage

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Sensory Memory

Back 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Front 10

Short-term Memory

Back 10

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

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Long-term Memory

Back 11

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, and includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Front 12

Working Memory

Back 12

An understanding of memory that focuses on conscious processing of auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory

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Explicit Memory

Back 13

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and actively 'declare' (a.k.a declarative memory)

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Effortful Processing

Back 14

Encoding that requires conscious effort and attention

Front 15

Automatic Processing

Back 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information

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Implicit Memory

Back 16

Retention of learned skills or associations independent of conscious recollection (a.k.a non-declarative memory)

Front 17

Alan Baddeley Model of Working Memory

Back 17

Auditory and visual-spatial information enters the 'central executive' (focus of attention and consciousness), where it is supplemented by stored long-term memory

Front 18

Atkinson-Shiffrin Processing Model

Back 18

The memory-forming process formed of three steps: sensory memory, which forms short-term memory, which may then be stored as long-term memory. This has recently be updated by adding working memory and automatic processing.

Front 19

Iconic Memory

Back 19

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli lasting no more than 0.1 seconds

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Echoic Memory

Back 20

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, usually lasting about 3-4 seconds

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Chunking

Back 21

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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Mnemonics

Back 22

Memory aids, often using vivid imagery and/or organizational devices

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Spacing Effect

Back 23

The tendency for distributed practice to yield better long-term retention than through massed practice

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Testing Effect

Back 24

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information. Also referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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Shallow Processing

Back 25

Encoding on a basic level based on the appearance of words

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Deep Processing

Back 26

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention

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Hippocampus

Back 27

A neural center located in the limbic system which helps process explicit memories for storage

Front 28

Memory Consolidation

Back 28

The neural storage of a long-term memory

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Flashbulb Memory

Back 29

A clear memory of an emotionally significant event

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Long-term Potentiation

Back 30

An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. This is thought to be the neural basis for learning and memory

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Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 31

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us to recall that memory

Front 32

Mood-congruent Memory

Back 32

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood

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Serial Position Effect

Back 33

Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list

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Anterograde Amnesia

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The inability to form new memories

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Retrograde Amnesia

Back 35

The inability to retrieve information from one's past

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Proactive Interference

Back 36

The forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

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Retroactive Interference

Back 37

The backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Front 38

Repression

Back 38

The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-causing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Front 39

Reconsolidation

Back 39

A process in which previously stored memories are potentially altered before being stored again

Front 40

Three Ways to Forget Something

Back 40

1. Encoding failure

2. Storage decay

3. Retrieval failure

Front 41

Misinformation Effect

Back 41

When misleading information corrupts one's recall of an event or information

Front 42

Source Amnesia

Back 42

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced or heard of. Source amnesia is at the heart of many false memories

Front 43

Déja Vu

Back 43

Cues from current situation that may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Front 44

Improving Memory

Back 44

Methods include:

1. Repeated rehearsal

2. Making the material meaningful

3. Activation of retrieval cues

4. Using mnemonic devices

5. Minimizing interference

6. Sleeping more

7. Testing knowledge