Psy3051 - Perception - Chpt 1 - Introduction To Perception

Front 1

Define the perceptual process.

Back 1

It is a sequence of processes that work together to determine our experience of and reaction to stimuli in the environment.

Front 2

The stimulus refers to what?

Back 2

It refers to what is out there in the environment, that we actually pay attention to, and what stimulates our receptors.

Front 3

What are the 4 subprocesses involved in the perceptual process?

Back 3

Stimulus, Electricity, Experience & Action, and Knowledge.

Front 4

In the perceptual process what does the Electricity process refer to?

Back 4

It refers to the electrical signals that are created by the receptors and transmitted to the brain.

Front 5

In the perceptual process what does the Experience and Action process refer to?

Back 5

It refers to our goal, which is to perceive, recognise, and react to stimuli.

Front 6

In the perceptual process what does the Knowledge process refer to?

Back 6

It refers to Knowledge we bring tot he perceptual situation.

Front 7

An ________ _________ is all the things in the environment that we can potentially perceive.

Back 7

Environmental stimulus

Front 8

The _____ ______ changes from moment to moment.

Back 8

Attended stimulus

Front 9

Define Perception

Back 9

Perception is a largely unconscious, automatic process, based on 'unavailable' neural events, together with 'unconscious' inferences fro specific cues.

Front 10

Describe the 9 step perceptual process that occurred for Ellen when she perceived the Moth on the Tree.

Back 10

Stimulus
1. Ellen see the tree while scamming the environment (environmental stimulus)
2. Ellen attends to the moth on the tree truck (attended stimulus)
3. Image of Moth and immediate surroundings is created on her retina (Stimulus on her retina)
Electricity
4. Light on Ellens receptors are transformed in electrical signals in her nervous system (transduction)
5. Electrical signals in the receptors activate more neurons that send signals from the eye to the brain (transmission)
6. The sensory perception in the visual system in transformed into a neural representation of the image that the brain is able to process (Processing).
Environment and Action
7. the electrical signals that represent a moth are transformed by Ellen's brain into her experience of seeing a moth (Perception)
8. the moth is catgorised by the brain into 'moth' to give it meaning (Recognition)
9. Ellen looks directly at the moth and walks towards it (Action)

Front 11

The transformation of one form of energy into another is known as what?

Back 11

Transduction

Front 12

Name the three process involved in the Stimulus subprocess of the perceptual process?

Back 12

1. Environmental stimulus
2. Attended Stimulus
3. Stimulus on the receptors

Front 13

Name the three processes involved in the Electricity subprocess of the perceptual process?

Back 13

1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Processing

Front 14

Describe the transmission stage of visual processing?

Back 14

Transmission is where the electrical signals in the visual receptors activate neurons that send signals from the eye to the brain.

Front 15

In the example of Ellen perceiving a moth what is the name of the conscious process whereby the electrical signals that represent a moth are transformed by Ellen's brain into her experience of seeing a moth?

Back 15

Perception

Front 16

What is the process whereby the brain categorises perceived objects in order to give them meaning?

Back 16

Recognition

Front 17

What condition did Dr. P. have in the story of "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat" ?

Back 17

visual form agnosia

Front 18

What caused Dr. P.'s visual form agnosia?

Back 18

a brain tumour

Front 19

Name the visual condition where a person in unable to recognise objects as whole?

Back 19

visual form agnosia

Front 20

Why is the Action stage of visual processing so important?

Back 20

because it determines our reaction to the environment and is important for survival.

Front 21

How does the Knowledge stage of perceptual processing fit with Stimulus, Electricity and Environment & Action?

Back 21

The knowledge fits through the interaction of bottom up and top-down processing, it both informs and increases from the perceptual process.

Front 22

In the case of Ellen perceiving the Moth how does knowledge fit in to her processing?

Back 22

Ellen is able to recognise the object as a moth and not part f the tree truck because she recognises the objects pattern form experience. She may also describe it as a moth and not a butterfly because of her knowledge of what a moth looks like.

Front 23

Processing based on incoming data is known as what?

Back 23

Bottom-up processing (also known as data-based processing)

Front 24

What term refers to processing that is based on knowledge?

Back 24

Top-down processing (also known as knowledge based processing)

Front 25

What are the three approaches to studying perception? What are their acronyms? And, relationships in the perceptual process are each concerned with?

Back 25

1. Psychophysical (PP) - stimulus-perception relationship (or stimulus-experience/action)
2. Physiological (PHI) - stimulus-physiological processes (Stimulus-Electrical)
3. Physiological (PH2) - stimulus-perception (stimulus-experience/action)

Front 26

Which approach to perception would be concerned with studying how a neurons responds to different colours?

Back 26

Physiologial Approach PH1 which looks at the relationship between the stimulus and the physiological processes (in the electricity stage)

Front 27

Which approach to perception would be concerned with studying a persons brain activity and that persons perception of colours?

Back 27

Physiological Approach PH2 which looks at the relationship between the physiological processes and perception (electricity-experience/action)

Front 28

How are cognitive influences on perception, Knowledge and top-down processing related?

Back 28

Top-down and KNowledge are the same concept and are one of the cognitive influences involved in perception. Memories and expectations are other examples of cognitive influences on perception.

Front 29

The rate-man demonstration is an example of what influence on the stimulus-perception relationship in visual processing?

Back 29

Knowledge or cognitive or top-down

Front 30

What are the two main approaches to measuring perception?

Back 30

Psychophysical and physiological

Front 31

Describe the five main methods of measurement in the psychophysical approach to measuring perception?

Back 31

1. Describing or phenomenological method - indicating characteristics of a stimulus.
2. Recognising - placing a stimulus in a category by recognising it
3. Detecting or classical psychophysical methods - absolute and diference or Limen threshold
4. Perceiving magnitude - measurement of above threshold stimulus changes
5. Searching - reaction rime when searching for a specific stimulus in a stimulus set.

Front 32

What is the absolute threshold?

Back 32

the smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary to detect a stimulus

Front 33

The smallest amount of light energy that enables a person to just barely detect a flash of light is an example of what?

Back 33

The absolute threshold

Front 34

Describe the three basic methods for determining the absolute threshold in detecting a sound?

Back 34

1. Method of limits - Stimulus of different intensity presented in ascending and descending order where the observer indicates when they perceive the sound and the researcher determines the absolute threshold by averaging the cross-over points across the trials.
2. Method of adjustment - stimulus intensity is adjusted constantly until it is detected and the absolute threshold is the average for repeated trials.
3. Method of constant stimuli - five to nine stimuli are presented in random order over a series of trials. Absolute threshold is the intensity that is detected 50% of the time acros the trials.

Front 35

What is the most accurate method for determining the absolute threshold and why? What is the major limitation of this threshold?

Back 35

The Method of Constant Stimuli because it involves many trials and stimulus is presented in random order.
Limitation: time consuming

Front 36

What is the Difference or Limens Threshold?

Back 36

It is the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect.

Front 37

What is Gustav Fechner known for?

Back 37

Writing the book "Elements of Psychophysics" which described methods for measuring The Absolute Threshold

Front 38

What is Ernst Weber known for?

Back 38

Measuring The Difference Threshold.

Front 39

What is Differenze Limen? What is it's acronym?

Back 39

Difference Threshold
DL

Front 40

Describe how the Difference Threshold in measured in detect stimuli?

Back 40

You can use the methods of limits, adjustment and constant stimuli but you are measuring when a change is two stimulus is detected.

Front 41

In the difference threshold method for measuring stimulus detection as the magnitude of the stimulus increases so does the size of the DL. What is this relationship known as? and what is it's mathematical representation.

Back 41

Weber's Law
DL/S = K

Front 42

Using Webers Law if a difference in weight of 2g is detected when the stimulus if 100g:
1. What is the constant weight?
2. Calculate K.
3. Assuming K is constant, what is DL when the stimulus is 200g.

Back 42

1. 100 or 98
2. .02
4. 4g

Front 43

What does magnitude estimation measure?

Back 43

Magnitude estimation is the relationship between the actual intensity of a stimulus above the threshold and perceived intensity.

Front 44

How is magnitude estimation measured?

Back 44

Observers are presented a standard stimulus and a value for its intensity. The observer then compares the standard stimulus to test stimuli by assigning numbers relative tot he standard.

Front 45

When intensity of a light stimulus is 20, perceived brightness is 28. When the intensity is doubled to 40, the perceived brightness is 36 not 56. This is an example of what phenomenon in magnitude estimation?

Back 45

Response Compression.

Front 46

What is Response Compression in Magnitude Estimation?

Back 46

REsponse compression occurs when the intensity is increased but the magnitude increases less than intensity

Front 47

As the intensity of an electric shock increases the magnitude increases but at a higher rate than the intensity. This is an example of what phenomenon in Magnitude Estimation?

Back 47

Response Expansion

Front 48

What is Response Expansion in Magnitude Estimation?

Back 48

Response Expansion occurs when the intensity is increased and the magnitude increases more than intensity.

Front 49

Describe the search method of measuring perception.

Back 49

Measuring reaction times for a person perceive a specific stimulus amongst a group of stimuli

Front 50

Define response criteria and describe how it may impact on measuring perception.

Back 50

Response criteria is a person approach to a perception task.That is a low response criteria mean a person is inclined to respond more positively to potential stimulus. A high response criteria means a person may take a more conservative approach to the potential stimulus, they are more conservative in their assessment.