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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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habituation |
there is a decrease in response to a stimuli after repeatedly being exposed to it. |
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sensitization
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non-associative learning process in which repeated administrations of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response. Sensitization often is characterized by an enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated. |
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associative learning |
process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned. The two forms ofassociative learning are classical and operant conditioning.
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classical conditioning |
a phenomenon that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; pairing two previously unrelated events ( that produces automatic response) |
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learning |
learning is a relatively permanent change in the behavior of the learner due to experience |
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Ivan Pavlov |
conducts a famous experiment studying the process of classical conditioning |
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acquisition |
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
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extinction |
The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
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spontaneous recovery(侥幸心理 |
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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generalization |
the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
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discrimination |
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Little Albert's case |
US-loud sound is paired with CS-white rat and produce CR-a fearful reaction |
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error of fear learning |
1) too littleno amygdala, no memory 2) too more: over-learning of fear; such as PTSD, over-generalization and problem with extinction |
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biological preparedness (predisposition) |
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others. For example, rats depend more on taste and smell stimuli but birds depend more on visual cue. |
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operant conditioning |
is the consequence of an organism's behavior determined whether it will be repeated in the future |
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reinforcer |
any stimulus or event that strengthen the behavior |
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punisher |
any stimulus or event that weaken the behavior |
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reinforcement |
the result of strengthening behavior |
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positive reinforment |
the adding of a desirable stimulus in order to strengthen behavior |
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negative reinforment |
the removal of a aversive stimulus in order to strengthen behavior |
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positive punishment |
the adding of a aversive stimulus in order to weaken behavior |
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negative punishment |
the removal of an desirable stimulus in order to weaken behavior |
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reinforcement is generally more effective than punishment because punishment doesn't guide to the desirable behavior |
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shaping |
an operant conditioning that rewards guide towards the desirable goal behavior. |
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primary reinforcer |
an innately reinforcing factor like food and drink |
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secondary reinforcer |
a learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through connection with the primary reinforcer |
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immediate reinforcer |
a reinforcement that comes instantly after a behavior, such as a food pellet after a bar press |
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delayed reinforcer |
a reinforcement that comes a period after the behavior, such as a paycheck after a week of working |
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continuous reinforcement |
after one response there is certainly a reward, not matter how late the reward will be coming
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intermittent reinforcement |
after a bunch of response there is one reward granted but nor for every response |
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reinforcement schedule |
the schedule for giving reinforcement |
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fixed ratio schedule |
reinforcement after a specific number of respones |
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variable ratio schedule |
reinforcement after a variable number |
