Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Who is Albert Bandura?
|
- Bobo doll experiment
- Learning= stimulus-stimulus -performance= Stimulus- Response -Self-efficacy -Outcome Expectancy |
|
|
What is the Bobo Doll experiment?
|
-Importance:
modeling/aquisition and acceptance -Procedure: 3 kid groups watched video with bobo doll being abused, children saw 3 responses (good, bad, or nothing) -Results: There is a difference btw performance and learning |
|
|
What is self-efficacy?
|
The extent to which a person can successfully execute the behavior necessary to produce a desired outcome.
- its personal - strong self-efficacy = the more vigorous and persistent our behaviors |
|
|
What is Outcome Expectancy?
|
Refer to how obtainability of a desired outcome.
- depends on the enviorment |
|
|
Where does self-efficacy stem from?
|
1.) Personal Achievement
-performance (how well you did in the past; how accomplished you are) 2.) Vicarious Experiences -experience of others and ppl who have similar aspects as you do 3.) Verbal Persuasion - ppl will talk to you about performance 4.) Emotion or Emotion Arousal |
|
|
What is Learning?
|
-Learning= Stimulus +Stimulus
- person needs to atain and retain information to learn. - believed that learning does not need to be reinforced. |
|
|
What is Performance?
|
- Performance= Stimulus-Response Theory
- it is acceptance - anticipating consequences - motoric reproduction- are you able to carry out what you observed. |
|
|
What is Social Learning?
|
Learning caused by real, imagined or implied actions by a person or group of persons.
|
|
|
Who is Dollard and Miller?
|
- social theorist
-made up drive theorist -they were associated with Hull and Spence - they combine Drive Theory and Fraudian Theory - Conflicts: 1. Approach-Approach Conflict 2. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 3. Approach-Avoidance -Goals |
|
|
What is the Drive Theory?
|
- Drive Theory is based on behavior and experiments
- Formula : E = H x D - IR E: Excititory Potential; H: habit strength; D: drive; IR: fatigue factor - Involve: cue, drive, response reinforcement |
|
|
What are the four events that characterize learning?
|
1. Drive
2. Cue 3. Response 4. Reinforcement |
|
|
What is Drive?
|
-Internal state ( its a feeling)
- Ex: drive for food ; the number of times you last ate -There are two types: 1.) Primary Drive 2.) Secondary Drive |
|
|
Walter Michele
|
- Person Variable
- consistency paradox |
|
|
What is a Consistency Paradox?
|
Argument: we think ppl are more consistent than in research
|
|
|
What is Situational Consistency?
|
Deals with consistency across situations.
|
|
|
What is Contemperal Consistency?
|
Whether its consistency across time within any given context.
- In life we usually see ppl with the same context in different consistencies of time. |
|
|
What is Gender?
|
Socially determined differences btw the sexes. (refers to enviormental and social)
|
|
|
What are the characteristics that define gender?
|
1. Sex-typed
2. Cross-sex typed 3. Androgynous 4. Sex-typed undifferenciated |
|
|
What is sex-typed?
|
Those that conform to the characteristics of what society says is your gender.
|
|
|
What is cross- sex typed?
|
characteristics associated with the opposite gender.
|
|
|
What is androgenous?
|
Has many traits that are associated with both male and female roles.
|
|
|
What is sex-typed undifferenciated?
|
Sex traits that don't conform well with either characteristics.
|
|
|
What is secondary drive?
|
-non psysiological ( not dealing with the body)
Ex: baby needs mother to but not necessarily to stay alive -associated with primary drive |
|
|
What is primary drive?
|
-biological in nature (dealing with body)
Ex: hunger, sex, pain |
|
|
What is a cue?
|
-gives behavior direction
-determines when and where a person will respond -the drive and the cue are connected |
|
|
What is a response?
|
-the actual behavior/act
-ranked according to how likely they occurr (probability of occurrance) - Dominance response -Subordinate response |
|
|
What is reinforcement?
|
- specific event that strengthen the tendency for a response to be repeated.
-A way to measure: a look at the times of occurrance. Something a reinforcer because it decrease the strength of the drive. |
|
|
What are the assumptions of the behavioral approach?
|
1. the realitive of a event or phenominon lye solely the it is perceived
2.) What is real is whats in the persons frame of reference 3.) Subjective knowlege 4.) concerned with directional behaviors 5.)they assumer that ppl are typically in a state of change 6.) positive view of human nature 7.) past experiences are important bc they have a influence on present behaviors. |
|
|
What is subjective knowlege?
( part of behavioral approach) |
looking at the world through a persons fram of reference.
1.) many thought this view was being non scientific 2.) focuses on higher human functions (not just dificit needs); deal with growth needs (factualization, etc) 3.) perception is a interpretive behavior |
|
|
What is the behavioral approach?
|
-Systematic Desercidation
-Classical Conditioning *Aversion Therapy: 1.) operant conditioning 2.) token economy 3.) shaping 4.) modeling (social learning technique) -stimulus control procedure -prompting |
|
|
What is Systematic Desercidation?
|
you gradually expose client to adverse stimuli over time and you increase the stimuli over time until client is improved.
|
|
|
What is aversion therapy?
|
associating a negative emotional response with a maladaptive behavior ( a behavior you don't want)
|
|
|
What is the Premack Principle?
|
- higher frequency behaviors will act as reinforcers for low frequency behaviors.
Ex: if your kid hates spinach but loves ice cream. You say 'if you eat your spinach, you can have ice cream'. |
|
|
What is a token economy?
|
Reinforcement system that is used to help clients. Clients use tokens to increase desired behavior.
|
|
|
What is shaping?
|
Reinforcement proximations to a behavior little by little until you completely change the behavior.
|
|
|
What is prompting?
|
prompts are used to change behavior, and cues are used
|
|
|
What is stimulus control procedure?
|
Trying to get a person to respond to a particular stimulus
Ex: being in bed is a stimulus control for sleeping |
|
|
What is modeling?
|
- a type of social learning technique
- Two types of modeling: 1.) coping model 2.) participant model |
|
|
What is coping model?
|
anxious and fearful but fear is overcome
|
|
|
What is participant model?
|
the participant will model behavior and the therapist will model behavior.
|
|
|
Who is Carl Rogers?
|
-Personality psychologist, believed that people have a unique, innate self- actualizing tendencies that guide their behaviors in positives directions.
- his theory was parallel to Freud's - organismic valueing processes - Two major assumptions of personality theory - self or self-concept * actual self *ideal self - conditions of worth -positive reguard |
|
|
What are the two assumptions of Carl Rogers Personality theory?
|
1.) Human behavior is guided by each persons unique actualizing tendency.
a.) Biological Theory b.) Self- actualizing Tendency 2.) All humans need positive reguard |
|
|
What is Biological Theory?
|
unique to humans but similar
|
|
|
What is Self-actualizing Theory?
|
self-sufficiency, personal growth
|
|
|
What is self or self-concept?
|
helps us organize, perceptions. Refers to the organized and consistent and whole perception we have of ourselves.
|
|
|
What is actual self?
|
how we actually see ourself
|
|
|
What is ideal self?
|
how we would like to be seen
|
|
|
What is positive reguard?
|
comes from others and then can come from ourselves
|
|
|
What is conditions of worth?
|
- the value for self that we place on specific.. (?)
- they develop when we seek positive reguard of a significant other and that persons reguard is conditional (they influence personal growth) - there are conflict btw our experiences and our self concept (can be a problem bc our experiences should match our self-concept) - Compliant Center Therapy- you have to re-integrate the client |
|
|
Who is Mas Law?
|
- father of phenomology, shared Carl Rogers optimistic view, believed that people are good & are capable of developing healthy based on their circumstances.
-Free choice strategy - Hiearchy of emotions - |
|
|
What is the viewpoint of Mas Law?
|
- argued that our needs are blocked and pathology was a result.
a.) pathology: when you block a need b.) if you block a want, you may experience a bad emotion (pathology is not a response) - Hiearchy Therapy of Emotions: *self-actualization, esteem, belonging or love, safety, physiological |
|
|
What are some characteristics of self-actualization?
|
1. its an efficient perception of reality (personal needs, fears, reliefs)
2.) acceptance (of self, others, etc) 3. continued freshness of appreciation (you appreciate things) 4.) spontaneous and natural 5.) Problem centered ( sense of mission or purpose) 6.) Interested in process more than goals 7.) Detachment (enjoy soletude and privacy) 8.) Independence from culture , enviorment, etc 9.) Resistance to being influenced by culture (culturation) 10.) Desire to help others 11.) Democratic (free of prejudice) 12.) Creative 13.) Peek experiences ( brief intense feeling ex: wonder/ awe |
|
|
Who is George Kelly?
|
- believed personality is based on constructs (ways of viewing experiences that people create to anticipate events in their lives)
-Theory of personal constructs - Constructs: * Bipolar and non-continuous * Determined by success rate -properties of constructs |
|
|
What are the properties of constructs?
|
1.) Range of convenience:
A set of events which ...(?) 2.) Focus of convenience: The maximally (best) predictive point in the constics range of convenience. 3.) Degree of Permiability: The degree to which a given constuct can be used to construe new events. To contrue you need: - events thats being construed - 2nd event thats similar - 3rd event thats different from other two. |
