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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Persona
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Book:
a full-face mask that told the audience to expect a particular set of attutudes and behaviors. Persona is the source of the English word personality. (page4) |
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what is personality?
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Notes and book: Relatively stable e of characteristics of a person (physical and psychological, wich influence behavior and responses to the social and physical enviorment), that has continuity and time and is not the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment. These characteristics (memories, habits, mannerisms) can be fairly unique to a person or shared by several or by all people.
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what do personality psychologist do?
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Notes:
- concerned with the similarities and differences of people. - they focus on and concerned about humans. - concerned about adult behavior (may study kids to learn more about adults) - concerned about developing and testing theories. - concerned about measurements of personality - concerned about personality change (naturally or planned(therapy)). - concerned about describing, predicting, controlling and understanding behavior. |
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What are the two components of a scientific theory?
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Notes and book:
Theoretical constructs and Relational propositions. |
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Explain Theoretical Constructs.
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Book: page9
Theoretical constructs: - the basic terms and building blocks of theories - one characteristic distinguishes all theoretical constructs.(ex: anxiety,self-concept,extraversion,ego,etc) - do not exist bc they are invented. - they are abstract - allow for efficient organization and communication of ideas. (they tie together meaningful relationships btw observations) |
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Explain Relational Propositions.
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Book:page 10
Relational Proposition: - laws that describe the relationships among constructs. - rarely quantified (explained with #'s) in personality psy. - Ex: frustration leads to aggression, similarity in genetic makeup will lead to similarity in personality. |
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What are the three functions of a theory?
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Book: page 10
- organize and clarify observations - provide a sense of understanding - Guide future research |
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Explain the functions of a theory.
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Organizing and clarifying observations
-ex: Nicolaus Copernicu's "heliocentric theory" of the solar system. He challenged the pressumptions and speculation of how the world was and tested and proved his theory through observations and facts. Providing a Sence of Understanding - theories can provide a sense of understanding within them by explain "why" or the reason particular things happen. (ex: Fraud's concept of Transference) Guiding Future Research - theories can generate intriguing new research. (Ex: Leon Festinger's "Theory of Cgnitive Dissonance") |
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What are the criteria for evaluating theories?
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- Empirical Validity
-Parsimony -Comprehensiveness -Coherence -Testability -Usefulness -Acceptability |
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Define Empirical Validity.
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Book: page 11
The degree to which a theory is suppoted by evidence derived from observations. |
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Define Parsimony.
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Book page11 and notes:
refers to simplicity or conciseness (how few ideas, good means not too much going on). Theories that involve simpler explanations and fewer assumptions are considered better. |
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Define Heusistic
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how rich in ideas; how many ideas does it generate.
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Define comprehensiveness.
(criteria for evaluating theories) |
Book:page 11 and notes:
Refers to the breadth of the phenomena that a theory encompasses. (The more phenomena a single theory can account for, the better the theory is). The amount of data and whether or not the theory is broad. |
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Define Coherence
(criteria for evaluating theories) |
Book: page12
Refers to the degree to which the propositions and assumptions of a theory fit together into an internally consistent, larger explanation. (A theory should be free of internal contradictions). |
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Define Testability.
(criteria for evaluating theories) |
Book: page 12, notes:
-Refers to how well or easily a theory can be supported or refuted through research. Testable theories are better theories. -Theories are easily testable when they have clear concepts, bc it makes the hypothesis easier to determine. - it is the potential for falsification that makes a theory testable. |
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Define internal Validity
(criteria for evaluating theories) |
How well the theory holds together and whether or not it is logical and consistent. If a theory is not internally valid then it is not a good theory.
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Define Aceptability.
(criteria for evaluating theories) |
A theory must be known and taken seriously by others. A theory must have some acceptability among scientist if it is to be tested through research and applied in practice.
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Define Strategies.
(in response to "the four strategies") |
The major theoretical orientations to personality psychology.
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What are the four strategies?
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-Psychoanalytic Strategy
-Dispositional Strategy -Enviormental Strategy -Representational Strategy |
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What is the Psychoanalytic Strategy?
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The assumption that personality is driven by one or more underlying forces within the person.
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What is the Dispositional Strategy?
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The basic assumption is that personality is a set of enduring characteristics, with individuals differing on how much of each characteristic they possess.
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What is the Enviormental Strategy?
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assumes that personality is shaped external conditions and circumstances. It is concerned with how and what the individual learns through interactions with the enviorment.
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What are the different types of personality assessments?
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1. Self-Reports: Interviews and Questionaires
2. Direct Observations of Behavior 3. Impressions of Others 4. Personal Histories and Life Records 5. Bogus Personality Assessments |
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Define self-report.
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- To find out something about a person by a interview, questionaire, or combination of the two.
- Self-reports provide information quickly and easily. - This is the most commonly used |
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What are the cons of Self-reports?
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- they provide a incomplete picture (ppl may forget, misunderstand things etc.)
- some self-reports are disguised (so ppl cannot distort their responses) |
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Explain Direct Observations of Behavior.
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Learn about people by observing them. (In laboratory or in the natural).
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Natural Observation
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- To observe people in action and record what they see.
- This may have more credibility than interviews or questionaires. - Usually expensive and impractical |
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Explain.. Impressions of Others
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- How people are seen by others (friends, family, employers, etc).
- can be hard to tell other ppl's opinions and objectie judgement. |
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Define Personal Histories and Life Reports (Archival Reports)
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- Learning about a person's history and life records (education, employment,etc).
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Explain Bogus Personality Assessment
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Personality assessments that may be true to a person but are of little substance.
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Define comprehensiveness.
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Refers to the breadth of the phenomena that a theory encompasses. The more phen
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Rational Approach
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Using discussion, argument, the opinions of other authorities and general appeal to "reason" we the foundation of personality psychology.
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Empirical Approach
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Demans objectively verifiable data rather than circumstantial or subjective evidence.
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Empirical Research
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involves systematic attempts to gather evidence through observations and procedures that can be repeated and confirmed by others.
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Personality Change
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Personality change that is not natural. (Ex: psychoanalysis)
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What are Social Deconstructionist?
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- they don't believe that theories should be testable
- they have a cognitive tradition and a perception of reality. - they believe that there is no need for lab research. - They believe that everything is in the eye of the beholder; we all construct and there is no real way to evaluate theories. - believed that their ideas were biased because it was viewed mainly by men. - they don't deal with theories; mainly hypothesis. |
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What are some recurring philosophical questions?
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- Free Will vs. Determinism
- Objective vs. Subjective - Person vs. Situation - Human Nature vs. Individuality |
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Explain the recurring philosophical questions.
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Free Will vs. Determinism
- Do we have free thoughts or are our actions and thoughts determined by forces and factors that are out of our control? Objective vs. Subjective - We may feel a certain way about ourself and then act the opposite. Subective (inward behavior) and objective (outward behavior)view may not match. Personal vs. Situation - How consistent are ppl in the way they act, feel, think in certain situations. Human Nature vs. Individuality - |
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What are the three levels to the question of human nature and individality?
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1. In some ways each person is like all other persons.
2. In some ways each person is like some other persons. 3. In some ways each person is like no other person. - Henry Murray touched on this |
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Idiographic Approach
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studying a particular person to with the aim of acheiving a unique understanding of each person. (looks at particular individual; focus on a persons life experiences)
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Nomothetic Approach
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Assumes that each person's uniqueness is a product of general biological and psychological laws. (study a whole bunch of individuals)
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What are The Goals of Personality Psychology?
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-Description
-Prediction -Control -Understanding |
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Explain the Goals of Personality Psychology.
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1. Description- involves effectively measuring and communicating about important personality dimensions.
2. Prediction- accurately anticipating the likelihood of occurrence of various behaviors. 3. Control- inflencing behavior 4. Understanding- the comprehension of a particular process and the ability to provide an explanation of it. (understanding varies from person to person) |
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Idiographic and Nomothetic are...
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a way of dealing with each individuals uniqueness.
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What are the three basic approaches to personality research?
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1. Experimental Method
2. Correlational Method 3. Case Study Method |
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What is the element that the three approaches to personality research?
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Systematic Observation- carefully monitoring or measuring and recording behavior in prescribed ways;that is observing behavior of subjects at precise points in time, at prescribed intervals, or under specified conditions or circumstances)
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What are the three differences between the three basic approaches to personality research?
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1. the types of observations made
2. the circumstances in which the observations are made. 3. How the data from the observations are examined |
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What is the Independent Variable?
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Factors that are systematically varied.
(group that gets the treatment) |
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What is the Dependent Variable?
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Behavior that is being observed and measured.
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What is Random Assighment?
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This eliminates elements that vary on the assignment.
- done in the Experimental Method |
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What is the Experimental Method?
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Requires two factors:
1.) Must have a independent variable 2.) Must have a dependent variable -has an experimental group and a control group - has confonding variables -has random assignment to eliminate confounding variables - has control -has matched random assignment |
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What is a Experimental Group?
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- exposed to independent variable
(the group that gets the treatment) |
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What is the Control Group?
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The group that is not exposed to the independent variable (the grop that does not get the treatment)
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What are Confounding Variables?
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Factors inadvertently allowed to co-vary with group assignment. (problems that may effect the research group in the study)
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What is Random Assignment?
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Every subject has an equal chance of being placed in each group. ( the ppl in the research study are random)
- ex: ppl pulled numbers out of a hat and randomly |
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What is Meta Analysis?
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A technique that combines and evaluates results of a number of related research studies.
-describes whole bulk of research in one area or topic |
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What is the File Drawer?
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Studies that fail to achieve statistical significance (whether bc the observed effect too small, nonexistent, or simply measured badly)
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What are some aspects of Self-Report?
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- norms
- normative sample - reliability - validity |
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What are some pros and cons of evaluations?
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Pros:
- high degree of control (could maniplate dependent variable) - cause and effects (experimental method is the best way Cons: - artificiality (may not generalize to the real world) |
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What is the Correlational Method?
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Looks at the quantaitative realtionships between two or more variables. (ex: grades vs. whether you sit in front or back of class)
- looks at the relationship between variables - tells how well one variable predicts the other - Used to show: 1. the strength of the relationship of variables (magnitude; or strength of variable) 2. the way the variables relate - does not infer cause and effect |
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What is a negative correlation?
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High scores on "X" are associated with low score on "Y", and low scores on "X" go with high scores on Y.
(graph that has downward slope or a pos. and negative slope) |
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What is positive correlation?
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(graph with an upward slope or goes in same direction of slope.
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Scatter Diagram
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The correlation between two variable can be visually represented by plotting the scores to make a scatter plot.
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What is a Correlation Coefficient?
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A numerical index of the correlation between two variables.
- it is calculated with a mathematical formula - correlational coefficients range from +1.00 to 1.00 - can be positive (+) or negative (-) - see page 34 in book |
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What are some Problems with correlation?
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1.)Directionality Problem-
don't know which variable is the cause; you have to know which way the correlation goes. 2.) Cross Lag Correlations- take time into consideration (helps to eliminate directional problems) 3.) Third Variable- both variables in correlation could be caused by some other factor. |
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Sample
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selected from a much larger population
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Statistical Significance
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the standard measure of the probability of obtaining the results of quantitative research based on chance.
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What is the Case Study Method?
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A detailed description of one or several INH's either through direct observation, records or through description provided by the participant.
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What are the pros and cons of case studies?
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Pros:
- might uncover unique, suprising results - allow circumstances to vary; and deal with ppl in real life sitations Cons: - usually not done in a controlled setting (may be difficult to replicate by others) - difficult to make case and effect relations -the data is usually qualitative - difficult to identify with one person to a general population (bc the sample is small) - often comes from retrospective reports |
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What are self-Report Personality Inventories?
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- larger number of statements
-respondants indicate whether statements are true or false or scale (put whether you disagree or not 1-10) -report is done by other ppl - usually consist of a number of dimensions or scales. - interpreted by comparing to a range of people ( to find the norm). |
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What are the characteristics of a good scale?
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-Reliable: consistent
-Valid: does the scale measure what it was designed to measure |
