Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Conditioning
|
the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses
|
|
|
Law of effect
|
responses are reinforced by their consequences
|
|
|
Learned Helplessness
|
a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
|
|
|
Mirror neurons
|
neurons that fire both when an actin is preformed and when action is simply perceived
|
|
|
procedural memory
|
memory of how to perform skills, operations, and actions, such as remembering how to ride a Skateboard
|
|
|
Episodic memory
|
a vivid memory ,such as when an action is performed and when action is simply percieved
|
|
|
Semantic Memory
|
memory of general knowledge (facts, names, definitions, etc) such as remembering the parts of a skateboard
|
|
|
Flashbulb Memory
|
the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, significant event
|
|
|
Functional Memory
|
the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way
|
|
|
confirmation bias
|
the tendency to search for info or evidence that confirms a belief, making no effort to search for info that might disprove the belief
|
|
|
Stereotype threat
|
occurs when a member of a particular group fear that they will be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
the body's tendency to monitor & maintain relatively consistent levels of internal states
|
|
|
Display rules
|
social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression
|
|
|
self efficacy
|
the degree to which you are convinced of your ability to effectively meet the demands of a situation
|
|
|
Higher-order conditioning
|
when a cs could itself function as a US in a new conditioning trial
|
|
|
In pavlov's experiment, the food acted as the ___ stimulus, the tone acted as the ____ stimulus, and salivation acted as both the ____ response and the ____ response
|
Unconditioned
Conditioned Unconditioned Conditioned |
|
|
____ is the gradual weakening and disappearance of the CR while ______ ______ is the reappearance of a previously extinguished Cr
|
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery |
|
|
____ conditioning is to associating two stimuli as _____ conditioning is to associating a response and a consequence
|
Classical
Operant |
|
|
The 3 processes involved in memory are
|
Encoding
Storag retrial |
|
|
The types of sensory memory are ____ , which holds visual information, and _____, which holds auditory information
|
Ionic Memory
Echoic Memory |
|
|
For information to remain in short-term memory _____ rehearsal must occur. For information to transfer to long-term memory, ____ rehearsal must occur
|
Maintenance
Elaborate |
|
|
Declarative memory, or _____ memory, involves _____ memory and ______ memory, while non declarative memory, or _____ memory, involves _____ memory
|
Explicit
Episodic Semantic Implicit Procedural |
|
|
The 3 main components in Braddeley's model of working memory are
|
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive |
|
|
The loss of memory refers to ____ amnesia, and the inability to form new memories refers to _____ amnesia
|
Retrograde
Anterograde |
|
|
To make a good test it must have
|
Standardization
Reliability Validity |
|
|
The most typical instance of a concept is
|
Prototype
|
|
|
Both the ____ nervous system and the _____ (brain structure) are involved in emotion
|
Sympathetic
Amygdala |
|
|
The 3 Long-term signals that regulate body weight are
|
Leptin
Insulin Neuropeptidey |
|
|
Explain the process involved in learning an association between stimuli (classical conditioning). Explain the process by giving examples of the US, UR, CS, and CR rather than rote definitions
|
US ( meat) elicits UR (salivation), CS (Bell) is presented before US. Dog eventually salivated to CS electing UR ( salivation)
|
|
|
What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?
|
They used Albert as a test, they brought a rat out and let albert play with it, however they would bang a pot behind his head, eventually Albert was afraid of the rat without them having to use the pot
|
|
|
What are the effects of exposure to violent media on actual aggressive behavior?
|
Exposer to violent media has a positive correlation on actual aggressive behavior ( 25% of adults are more aggressive)
|
|
|
Explain Long-term potentiation in terms of memory formation.
|
An increased synaptic strength between neurons
|
|
|
Explain what the stage-model of memory is, using sensory memory, attention, stm/working memory, encoding, storage, rehearsal, and LTM in your answer
|
Attention is needed in order to transfer memory from sensory memory to stm, encoding, maintenance rehearsal and storage is required to get the info to LTM and elaborate rehearsal to get info to LTM
|
|
|
List and briefly explain the reasons why we forget
|
Encoding, failure, retrieval cue failure, decay theory, interference theory and motivated forgetting
|
|
|
What are concepts
|
Concepts are a way for you're brain to condense info into categories. Mental image is important in order to be able to visualize different aspects of the different examples of a concept when they are not physically present
|
|
|
List and explain problem-solving strategies
|
Trial-error, algorithms, neuritis and insight and intuition
|
|
|
Relationship between IQ and success
|
IQ scores can predict success through school but personality factors predict success after school
|
|
|
What are the 6 basic emotions that most emotion researchers agree on? When people from 21 different countries where shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions, what did the researchers find?
|
Fear, suppress, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness
even different cultures understand these expressions |
|
|
What is the basic idea of operant conditioning? Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement, and give examples of each. Ecplain the difference between positive and negative punishment and give examples of each
|
Reinforcement- increase behavior
Positive- add a stimuli negative- takes away Punishment - decrease a behavior Same thing |
|
|
Instinct
|
Fixed-action patterns
|
