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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order of respiratory system |
Nose Trachea Main bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs |
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Conducting vs respiratory zone |
Conducting - Nose to terminal bronchioles (16th gen)
Respiratory - Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
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Cartilage in lungs |
Trachea to segmental bronchi Ends at bronchioles |
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Columnar, smooth muscle, and cilia/mucus |
Trachea to respiratory bronchioles (some) |
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Pulmonary circulation control |
None, increase cardiac output to increase blood flow Can decrease blood flow locally to alveoli if O2 is low in that one |
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Type 1 vs type 2 cells |
Type 1 - 97% Type 2 - 3%, where type 1 end, secrete surfactant |
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Diaphragm contracts |
Thoracic cavity expands P(ip) decreases P(L) increases Alveoli enlarge and P(alv) dec below atmospheric Air flows in |
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Boyles Law |
P = 1/V |
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Laplace Law |
P = 2T/r |
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Expanding and collapsing forces on alveoli |
Expanding - Positive P(L) and lateral traction (alveoli expand together) Collapsing - Recoil due to elastin and surface tension |
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Newborn respiratory distress syndrome |
Premature birth Surfactant not made Hard to breathe air in Atelectasis - Alveoli collapse Pulmonary edema Hypoxemia |
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Compliance and hysteresis |
As P(L) increases in magnitude, P(alv) decreases, alveoli enlarge Compliance greatest in middle of curve Hysteresis - Work required to stretch lungs greater than amount of energy recovered during recoil (3%-5%) |
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4 parts of TLC |
RV - Reserve volume (20%) ERV - Expiratory reserve volume (20%) TV - Tidal volume (10%) IRV - Inspiratory reserve volume (50%) |
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VC, FRC, and IC |
Vital capacity - ERV + TV + IRV Functional residual capacity - RV + ERV Inspiratory capacity - TV + IRV |
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Hyperpnea |
Increase in depth and frequency in order to meet O2 demand TV grows into IRV and ERV |
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Nitrogen calculation for RV |
V(L) = V(s) * (mol of N2 in spirometer)/(mol of N2 in atmosphere) V(L) = RV V(s) = Air in spirometer Measures the ratio of mol of N2, always below 1 |
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Dead space, alveoli volume, and respiratory fraction |
TV = V(alv) + V(ds) V(alv) can change with TV, but V(ds) does not V(ds) = about 1/3 of TV RF = V(alv)/TV |
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Causes of alveolar dead space |
Not all the O2 ventilated gets in blood Poor perfusion Too much ventilation Poor diffusive gas exchange ability due to disease |
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Total physiologic dead space |
Total dead space = Anatomic dead space + Alveolar dead space |
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Measuring alveolar ventilation per minute |
·V(alv) = (TV - V(ds)) * f V(ds) = Anatomic + Alveoli ds |
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Gravity effect on alveoli and perfusion |
P(ip) drops at apex P(L) larger at apex Alveoli larger at rest at apex Higher perfusion in base due to smaller alveoli (less constriction) and gravity pulls it down |
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Ventilation and perfusion from base to apex |
Both increase at base Perfusion increases more V(alv) > Q(c) at apex Q(c) > V(alv) at base |
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Ventilation/perfusion ratio and effect of exercise |
V(alv)/Q(c) At base, Q(c) > V(alv), less than 1 At apex, V(alv) > Q(c), greater than 1 Ventilation increases a lot more than perfusion with exercise |
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Respiratory rhythm generator |
Pre-Botzinger Complex Located in upper VRG in medulla Phrenic nerves exiting C3, C4, C5 to diaphragm |
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Dorsal Respiratory Group |
In back of medulla Fire for inspiration |
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Ventral Respiratory Group |
In front of medulla Inspiration and expiration RRG in upper VRG Lower VRG cause forced expiration |
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Pneumotaxic center |
In pons Cut off signal for inspiration Inhibit DRG |
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Apneustic center |
In pons Excite inspiratory neurons Delay cut off from PC |
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Stretch receptors |
Sense stretch in airway smooth muscle Inhibit AC, no more inspiration Hering-Breur reflex |
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Central chemoreceptors |
Adjacent to DRG, next to CSF Sense change in H+ in CSF, not arterial blood Change in H+ due to change in CO2 70% |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors |
In aortic and carotid bodies Sense levels of CO2, H+, and O2 CO2 > H+ >>> O2 O2 changes not serious due to how efficient it is, have to lose half of total to see an effect |
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Mechanisms of transport of CO2 |
10% dissolved in blood 30% bound to Hb 60% convert to bicarbonate ion |
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Haldane effect |
Where O2 is high, O2 is loaded and CO2 is unloaded (lungs) Where CO2 is high, CO2 is loaded and O2 is unloaded (tissues) |
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CO2 conversion |
Converted to bicarbonate ion Use carbonic anhydrase High in RBCs, none in plasma and ISF Ratio of bicarbonate to CO2 - 20:1 |
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Chloride shift |
Systemic capillaries, CO2 high BAND protein - Bicarbonate leaves, Cl- enters RBC RBC swells Opposite happens in pulmonary capillaries |
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Ways to alter pH of blood |
Chemical buffering - Chemicals combine with H+ to remove H+ (instantaneous)
Respiratory - Alter CO2 level, alter H+ levels (minutes to hours) Renal - Secrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3- (days) |
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Volatile vs non-volatile acids |
Volatile - Only CO2, excreted by lungs Non-volatile - Everything but CO2, excreted by kidneys, not lungs |
