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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External Causes of Terrorism |
1. external parties- involvement in internal affairs of a country. (ex) we often blame the soviets for involvement, however, we intervene as "protector" pf western interest. Another example i the Syrian conflict- The involvement of external parties (Russia, us, Iran) make for worse. Policies of larger states involvement in smaller states. 2. Weak legal system which forces states to take matters into their own hands. ineffective global legal system causes terrorism. (ex. 1990 un approved use of force in Kuwait) 3. Colonialism- the mandate system that was legitimized by the legue of nations (france and british) to enter smaller states to "help" false justifications. colonial powers divided and conquer territories creating artificial identities and borders- source of conflict. (1917 Sykes picot agreement) ex. Kurds distinct ethnic community colonial power fragmented Kurdistan, Still working to rebuild their own land (took parts of Syria. their deceit and misleading led to terrorism. |
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Why was Soviet involvement in middle east threatening to the U.S. |
Russia has communism which is very appealing. Communism goal is to acquire equaltariun, everyone will contribute and receive what they need. Vanguard- party leaders who were educated about communism. They were in charge after the revolution. The vanguard was created when disenchanted people in russia. Vanguard created society union in 1917 by abandoning private property. 2 important goals of communism 1. healthcare 2. education 3. jobs. Very appealing. Us had to fight the appeal of communism. Us was afraid of communism because they advocated for violent overthrow of government. The soviets saw capitalism as oppressive and evil. In 1930 communism was appealing in the u.s. because of the great depression |
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Non- alignment movement |
this movement wants to be neutral don't want to pick sides to affiliate with. Us did not like it. You either with democracy or not. No in between. |
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what was u.s. strategy after ww2 (cold war era) |
Create marshall plan- rebuild europe nations to prevent communism as it is appealing because of its economic situation, truman doctrine- purpose was to contain. New agency was created called the CIA which was created for gathering information (spy agency) targeting the soviet union. |
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Anti communist rebellion of 1956 |
In Hungary against the corrupt regime, they were crushed so they looked to the united states however we did not do much because we were afraid to go into war. |
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what did the CIA do? |
they became involved as a secret arm intervention (mujahideen) (ex) Iran 1952 mused Iranian nationalist to nationalize Iranian oil industry. BP needed that oil. Iranian people weren't gaining anything with the BP. Nationalizing oil did not sit well with the west, mused classified as communist so he must go. Invade Iran poverty by approaching military officers and bribing them. Engineer a fight against mused, got rid of him and put in SHAH (hated). This plated seeds of instability. Shah was repressive he had the SAVAK which were trained and supported by the CIA. SAVAK was very brutal, if you were against Shah you would disappear. |
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Iranian revolution 1979 what factors led to it |
the Iranian revolution against the SHAH. Shah 1. economic difficulties- had a open door policy with the United States that had only benefited the rich (hotels casino). influx of money led to hyperinflation (bread and sugar). Everything was expensive but same income. 2. cultural problem- movies hotels casinos not same culture with Iranian people. Islamist shia movement led by Khomeini, he ended up in Iraq (Shia majority Saddam). Saddam kicked him out and ended up in France where he delivered speeches and sent it to Iran. This caused for groups (college students) to arise and protest, and demonstrations began. Shah realized the SAVAk was not to strong to fight these protesters so he tried to get the army to shoot back at them. However the army was drafted and they did not want to shoot back at their own family and friends. Army rebelled causing shah to flee. |
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CIA transformation examples of their intervention methods of intervention cost |
the via transformed from collecting intelligencee to secret army of intervention and covert actions. We could not use nuclear weapons to fight soviet so we used via and money. 1. Impact on rant revolution it turned from regional problem to global problem. Khomeini referred to us as great satan and israel as little satan. 2. in 1950 in latin american with military dictatorships (Argentina, Chile, Nicaragua) we were ok with the dictatorship we were more interested in containment and stability in western hemisphere (NOT democracy). 3. Intervention in Guatemala (1956) we got rid of ruler and got new dictatorship, very similar to Iran, 4. In cuba, batista was currupt dictator, however he was our ally. In the other hand Castro led the rebellion in which we were infuriated. He was socialist and put him in the same category as soviets. We decided to try to get rid of him. So we partnered with mobs and invaded cuba poverty. (bay of Pigs) the CIA trained cuban exiles to invade Cuba to make it appear the cubans did it. Castro found out ad captured and killed many of these cubans. We abandoned the exiles for plausible deniability. 5. 1972 in chile who won the election Ailende and nationalized copper industry . CIA recruited military officers and he eventually was executed. Military ruler was put into place who was very cruel to civilians Our methods of intervention creates regime of terror- what we did in iran and afghanistan backfired in the 80's. |
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Un ineffective |
after ww2 UN was ineffective in solving disputes between US and soviets |
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Iran- Iraq war |
iran saw power vacuum in Iran and decided to invade. The us sold him weapons and did business because he was the enemy of the enemy, even though he was oppressive and was also buying weapons from the Soviet union. Iraq used chemical weapons (from U.S.) launched in Iranian citizens (Kurds). |
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Invasion of Kuwait |
this changed the dynamics, Kuwait financed Iraq war by selling oil to help. Saddam was in debt to Kuwait (afraid of Khomeini brand of islamic fundamentalism). Kuwait wanted the money back. Iraq said no so they invaded. Us learned the lesson of Vietnam war achieve victory and then leave. Hussein championed for Palestinian cause by saying i will withdraw from Kuwait if Israel withdraw from occupying states, US said no. Palestinians thought that was fair so backed Iraq. Saddam tried to get Israel to intervene buy pointing missiles to Israel was psychological damage. Liberated Kuwait however he was blamed for not finished job into Baghdad in Iraq and remove Sudan from repressed Shias. |
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UN Resolution 678 1990 |
enabled bush senior to legitimize military intervention. Must take all measures internationally to take Iraqi out of Kuwait. This led to the collapse of the soviet union. |
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the way us dealt with Iraq caused what? |
led to the rise of islamic fundamentalism terrorism because bin laden saw america action were unethical. Creation of Al Qaeda |
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International court of Justice |
their was a major problem with it. No mechanism of enforcement. If state a takes state b to court a wins because mo form of enface. Ex. Great Britain takes Argentina to court. Argentina did not listen to court ruling. During this great Britain was preparing for war. The court just enhances your legitimacy of military force. Wake legal system causes terrorism. |
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un security council |
responsible for security and punish states when threaten security, Authorize all kinds of sanctions. However security council only five states authorize what works for them (All have Vito power) no one can hold them accountable even if they're are intervening in terrorism. Wont vote for sanction against them. |
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Example of ineffective global legal system causing terrorism |
during the cold age period the SC authorized use of force only two times: 1. Korea (soviet boycott meeting allowing us to use force in Korea) Chinese fighters crossed over to Korea to fight US and his troops- stalemate (Korean war) 2.1990 Un authorized use of force in Kuwait to take out the Iraqi Resolution 678. Soviet Union did not come to defend ally Iraq because they were falling a part so trying to improve relationship with the united states so they sacrificed Hussein. This tells us about international law. US uses UN as instrument in foreign policy. If you have security council in your side it become legitimate. Weak legal system encourages states to use force and get away with it. |
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war powers act |
congress has power to declare war- president now has been deployment of troops- so congress passes this act to stop president from declaring war. 1. limit amount of troops 2. require president to get approval 60 days. |
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sykes picot agreement |
Britain France secret agreement to divide the eastern Mediterranean area. The Britain made empty promises to arabs to conquer the ottoman to make them go on board. created Lebanon and Syria- France Iraq Palestine- Britain (creating cordon 1920 by Britain) 1948 Israel declared independence in land of Palestine. Lands dominated by Muslims and adding jews caused religious, political, territorial conflict. Syria lost land to Lebanon- conflict It was revealed by the soviet Union and arabs realized they could not trust the west and their empty promises. |
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counterterrorism- |
framework of analysis a pre requisite for balanced counterterrorism strategy that can't necessarily eradicate multifaceted terrorism but can alleviate it is 1. multidimensional response. 2. Global response because it is an international problem. |
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distinguish between short term tactics and long term strategies |
example the 911 commission report Tactics- Create tea, lock cockpit, power plants, water supply, target hardening- harder for terrorist to attack these targets, increase size of police and security, police officers, military personnel , enhance and improve intelligence gathering (proactive decipher and understand the data, more emphasis on human resources, creating checkpoints to enter country should be multiplied and include transportation system and access to vital facilities, us government set standards for the issuance of birth certificates and sources of ID to tighten up in identity fraud, improve checkpoint for explosives). after 911 propaganda office Office of Public Diplomacy run by Karen Hayes in charge who also had no clue of Middle East. Created Al-Hura a TV satellite put in by Bush administration want to counter balance Arab television networks biased reporting by AL Jazeera (anti-american. Office of public diplomacy goal was to make perceptions of the United States better. Some have proposed execution- however these people are willing to die. long term strategy- we need to learn why they start terrorism and alleviate those tensions comprehend the conditions , understand the grievance as filtered found, understand the underlying cause. Dont create conditions where terrorism can begin by misguided policies. |
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US response to 911 |
1. military- us is willing to use military because it is big and strong making it tempting to use it, however this is not any enemy this is not traditional warfare. The military industrial complex 2. Invasion of Afghanistan- somewhat justified because the Taliban regime was in place who was helping al Qaeda 3. invasion of Iraq which was not justified. |
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the military industrial complex- |
eisenhower (war hero) complained about it. Industry that profit from war (arms manufacturer) overcharge the government reading to excessive military spending Members of congress are also in on it who want to represent constituents who benefit from it. 1. army happy to get more weapons 2. arms manufacturer 3. congress are all in on it. |
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2003 invasion of iraq |
justified as war on terrorism. it was our response to 911. however the reason to invade was inaccurate because iraq had nothing to do with 911. their excuse was 1. sadam had nuclear weapons, untrue, they had no proof of this. 2. sadam and bin laden (alqaedaare in cahoots. this was wrong because bin laden hated his regime and his repression against Shias. Saddam was not very religious at all. 3. we had to bring democracy (can't argue with democracy, The flaws against this argument is 1. the us doesn't truly have democracy, more like government of representation. The people does not have too much say. Different power structure have more power (lobbyist, interest groups), provide money and votes. Both things politicians needs. 2. Democracy is not compatible with all places and cultural structure and with the political culture. After we got rid of Saddam, all problems exploded that the United States were not prepared for. (power vacuum) although Saddam was a represser he had order. We filled in the power vacuum with Paul Bremer who knew nothing about Iraq or the Middle East. This was a catastrophic mistake. |
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Frontline- Movie |
This movie highlights the mistake we made in Iraq after we got rid of Saddam. Bush did not have mandate from UN so the invasion was not legitimate so they decided to go on their own and form a coalition. Coalition Provisional Authority, Iraqi supported Us intervention saw them as liberators. Store looting of ministries became home invasions. carjacking, organized and unorganized crimes. Power vacuum Us was not prepared to face after getting rid of Saddam. We put Bremer to take power, lack of qualification. Their goal was to liberate Iraq hand it over, but they couldn't. Berber took a two week crash course. In Baghdad their are no firefighters or police. Bremer suggested to shoot looters but military did not want to listen Military had no authority. First sign of division. His first mistake was 1. the debaathification, banning the baathist party where a lot of people made money, a lot of Iraqi were joining the bath no because they believed in it but because they saw it as a way to make a better salary. 2. Dispel the Iraqi army to demonstrate to the people Saddam won't come back. However the cost of this was putting people in the streets with military training and guns with no jobs- source of anger against Bremer. This is when they were seen as liberators to occupier. General Sanchez came in, who did not get a long with Bremer either. Sanchez was not very knowledgeable either on Iraq. General Sanchez would prison many Iraqis who he believed had compassion for Saddam. These prisons became radicalization places for terrorist. They would go in not hating us and come out hating the United States. Insurgents would pay the old Iraqi army to kill us military. The green zone was a nice calm place where the us diplomats lived, however outside of this zone was extreme poverty. Terrorist attacks began- car bombing is Jordan embassy, UN gets blown up, considered a insurgency problem. We responded with an iron Fist. (Sanchez) Sanchez began jailing Iraqis who may have been moderate. Bremer refused to give up government toIraq because he felt they didn't have the capabilities to run country. He tried to establish democracy and didn't listen to anyone. Bush wanted out. This was the rise of organized insurgency was the same time Bremer trying to establish democracy. The insurgency was stronger then they expected and marines were confronted by enemy and then pulled out of Pulusia. 2004 June 30 Bremer hand over sovereignty, the were threatened out of Iraq. Showed they did not accomplish what they sought out to do. Left with extreme anti-american hatred Our goal was to create a puppet state but instead we deprived the people, his escape shows the reality of what happened. We wrote a constitution of president and prime minster (similar to Israel) and parliament. Prime Minister has power (controlled by the Shias) which deprived Sunnis. They lost their voice and felt targeted by the west and Shias. growing al Qaeda in Iraq which were ISIS roots. |
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State defense and State department rivalry |
neo-conservatives were Jewish affiliated with defense department they saw Iraq as Nazi's and they were the ones calling the shots. Led to the Debaathification. The Baath had little things in common with Nazi. Iraq missiles against Israel psychological warfare. Iraq was threat to Israel which were the neo-conservatives tactics to gets involved. causing the banning of the baathist party. The State defense department which were the vice president department |
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General sanchez |
he was appointed and did not know much either. US military would break down doors, enter houses, beat husbands in from of wives, creating enemies. Thousands of Sunni Iraqi were suspects put into prison. Put into prisons like Abu Ghraib which became radicalizing agent- causing terrrorist to arise. Baghdady (leader of ISIS) went to this prison. They would beat up husbands in front of wives and kids. |
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ISIS roots and outcome Iraq in vasion |
The sunnis lost their voice in government in Iraq. Shias controlled the government system. Saw the United States siding with the Shias. Caused the formation of AL Qaeda in Iraq. Baghdadi went into this prison (abu Ghraib) which became radicalization center. Baghdadi didn't think al qaeda was effective enough. They have similar ideologies (islamic states ruled by sharia law) Isis is much stronger (morse resources, $, manage to create state in Iraq with oil). impose tax system, tolls, bureaucracy. ISIS turned into IS international not limited to Iraq and Syria. Policies of Iraq led to rise of Al Qaeda, Isis, lessons must be learned. Learn from our mistakes and stop occupying. Violence breeds more violence. We can't kill leadership, and kill organization, because they just replace the leadership. This has become a problem because ISIS is spread out and even are radicalized US citizens who has pledged allegiance to ISIS. Orlando shooter, said stop bombing my country. Collateral damage on killing leaders don't tell we killing innocent people wasn't our intentions. |
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Ingredients to counter terrorism- |
1. terrorism is multidimensional therefore a viable approach has to be multifaceted. 2. terrorism is a global problem so requires international response 3. education. Our best strategy is proactive to try to anticipate best tools is knowledge. |
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Mosul |
Iraq attempting to remove Isis,Us working with Iraq,Terrorist of Mosul willing to Die. |
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How do you fight terrorist who are willing to die for their cause? Policy options |
Some suggestions maybe to 2. Extensive us of Computerized files 3. new agency created after 911 that host computer databases to keep track of what we are doing. 4. Military forces 5. Streamline communication between intelligence agencies. 6. promote international corporation to fight terrorism (should be part of the strategy) in an increasingly global world. Serious challenge- our perceptions of what a terrorist or freedom fighter is. Also, challenge with finding common international approach to terrorism. One country crime is not in another country. Ex(Salman Rushdie- Muslim book depicted prophet in a negative way that infuriated Muslims. Iran Khomeini ordered to kill him. Rushdie hid in the UK and Iranian asked to extradite him UK said no. Not criminal her. Double criminality did not apply. |
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Achille Lauro (1980) what did this situation show about perceptions of terrorism? |
this situation demonstrated the lack of trust with the west. Italian cruise ship was hijacked in Mediterranean by Palestinian terrorist. Israelis were separated and took as hostages to bargain with Israel to release the Palestinian prisoners. This caused conflict in jurisdiction because Italian ship, killed in Syrian territory, us claim jurisdiction because a victim was us citizen. A deal was made that the terrorist would be released if terrorist they were assured a safe travel to Algiers. On their route to the airliner was intercepted by us military plane and landed in Italy where they were arrested. Italian authorities released man who was negotiating (the leader) which angered the Untied States. Who is going to punish the terrorist? US, Italy, Syria could claim jurisdiction. Us wanted it but Italy denied because the Italian approach to terrorism differs, they see it as a political problem. This demonstrated that allies don't always see eye to eye, different perceptions. So overall the terrorist were put into jail and the leader was let go because he was not directly involved. |
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Arab springs |
at first it was considered springs as an optimistic outlook to get rid of these dictators, however it quickly turned for the worst, particularly in Syria. Egypt Mubarak (1981-2001) a U.S. ally was forced to step down, uprising began and the military were in charge than came elections, Islamist leader elected (u.s. did not like). Arab springs put us in a awkward place, Us attempt to put in democracy, but they took out our ally Mubarak and elected the Muslim Brotherhood (enemy). We couldn't contradict ourselves, democracy only when it benefits the U.S. Mohammed Morsi was elected president who viewed the United States as evil, corrupt, alliance with Israel to overcome Muslims. He was considered like Khomeini of Iran. He ran for one year and was overthrown by military (coupd'etat) Us reluctant to admit it was a coup, CIA was involved. Morsi removed judicial review, diminish power of courts, and emphasise in Al-Azhar (Islamic Sunni university) and interpretation of law should be taken by that university.Force an Islamic state in a nation with 10% Christians, ruined tourism industry (ecasue of the rise of terrorism), economy, Israel worried he would also ruin Camp David Accords. The Aftermath of the coup- military leader SiSi emerged- economy is worst than Mubarak. Terrorism increased becaused the muslims felt they took away leader that was elected fairly away from them. Military took away the leadership of the Muslim brotherhood (ISIS, islmaic jihad, al qaeda) infuriated. In the meantime Syria leader was watching and the spark reached to syria in 2013. Geogrpahical concern because syria is located in the heartm shares borders. In Syria the alawhites (10% of syria population) shia islam were in control- the sunni 65% of the population had no control- alawhites been in power since 1970 took power by coup - leader was Hafiz Assad (leader)- was in power till 2000. In 200 his son suceeded Bashar. Syria became a dynastic republic power to father then to son. Problem arose the syrian constitution said the minimum age should be 40 years old however they amended it. There was a buildup of empty promises by Bashar- they were dissapointed because his rule was very similar to his father (military rule).How did the Ala whites who are only 10% of the population over 65% of Sunni, Syrian created weapons of coercion called the Defence Brigades, intelligence agencies, air force agencies who took role to spy and detect dissent anyone conspiring to overtake rule and remove them. These were the best weapons and well trained (separate from military). Job is to defend the regime and Assad dynasty. Staffed by the Ala whites- consequences were jail or death. Bashar saw all Arab leaders being removed, killed, going to exile, and refused to let that happen to him. They saw Iraq (both Baath leaders) Arab unity pan Arabism- not true- they were both military leader. In Egypt-Mubarak- put in jail Yemen-flee, Libya-Qaddafi-killed Iraq-removed. Iraq and syria huge economic divide. SUnni were repressed. Muslim brotherhood rival with the Baathist- competing for support of the masses. Baathist-secular socialism MB- Islamic religious (Hama Massacre) In Deraq March 2011, protestors mostly teenagers who were brutalized by syrian regime forced to say Bashar was thier prohet, very humiliated. In egypt they couldnt make military kill protestors, In syria however the miliatary the brigades cohorsed them to kill uprisers. 4th Brigade led by Bashar brother (history repeats) defense brigades led by Assad brothers. In 2016 with social media atrocities by Bashar and the fourth brigade impacting Sunnis around the world- called to arm- Syria become land of jihad. AL Qaeda, ISIS tied people to fight against Syrian regime with c common ideology of Islamic state- fighters from Tunisia, Iraq, Europe, Yemen, etc. vs Syrian government backed by Russia, and Iran. (Shia crescent) |
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Obama Cairo Speech |
Speech given by Obama in 2009 reached out to Muslims, we are not at war with Islam we have common war with jihadist extremist. Open door policy and treat countries with respect. People expected change , but nothing changed. The Muslim world was disappointed (more troops in Afghanistan). |
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Hama Massacre |
February 1982 strong hold for MB- Ala white regime decided to crush the MB. For weeks Hama was surrounded by military defence brigade. 40,000 Sunni died. They wanted to teach Sunnis a lesson led by Assad Brother. Planted seeds of hatred. from Sunni to Syria regime (Ala whites). |
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Shia crescent |
in Syrian crisis- arch of influence to Iran-Iraq Iran goal is to maintain influence in Syria. |
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two case studies on how policies created ground for terrorism |
Sfghanistan Societ was trained, supplied weapons they used agaisnt us. Iraq- involvement created ISIS |
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Abu Masha Al-Zarqziwy |
from town of jordon leader of al qaeda in Iraq after US occupation. After us occupation in iraq 2003 they couldnt turn thier other cheeck in Iraq anad resisted |
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Incident of Fulusia |
bombarding the town |
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Strategy to counter terrorism |
is not creating grounds or environment that may lead to terrorism. Occupation Repression lead to resistant and terrorism. Two conditions for counter terrorism- 1. Multi dimensional approach 2. International global response more partners to undertake this counter terrorism. however different perceptions of terrorism. 1. identify source of hate 2. promote education and understand Muslims are not supporting ISIS or Al Qaeda. If we learn more about the world we can create sophisticated approach on counter strategy- depend on military hardware but most importantly education because this is a non conventional war. (drones and use of missile collateral damage and cause more terrorism) 3. public diplomacy- propaganda machine communicate to create positive image of united states(speech of Cairo- new beginning Islam and the US work together 2003 ignorant to run this who was a under of Bush Created Al- Hurra 4. Appoint people who are educated 5. Be consistent with our policies (ex) Assad the us was not in agreement with Assad, Assad must go, We created deadline for Assad to hand over weapons and take actions, he did not listen and the us did not do a nothing, shows that they cant trust the U.S. 6. improving economic conditions- theory of relative deprivation young education expected to get job but deprived of economic opportunities. Gap of expectation and deprivation which trigger violence, build factories, diverse job opportunities, help the young, the needy, change the structure of who you know will get you successful to what you know. 7. improving political reforms- create system compatible with their culture(democracy does not work) Ex. Europe we proposed democracy but MB Morsi won and we went in coup to remove him. we overthrew government they voted for. Conspired with egyptian military to overthrow government. Democracy that only suits us. Respect the will of the people. 8 coherent foreign policy that respects others cultures and adapt even headed coherent approach. Enemy is ignorance, hopelessness, extremism, disparity We need sustain, coherent approach- education and understanding the root causes. |
