Proteins

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Proteins

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molecules made up of one or more Chains of amino acids.

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The functions of protein in the body

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1. Building blocks of body components: cells, cell membranes, organelles, skin, hair, ligaments, muscles.

2. Enzymes: assist biochemical reactions

3. Transport molecules: hemoglobin in red cells

4. Defense factors: clotting protein, skin- barrier from bacteria

5. Building blocks doe hormones: insulin, thyroid hormone

6. Maintenance of proper pH balance: amino acids act as buffers to resist change in blood pH

7. Regulators of fluid balance: plasma proteins hold in water in blood

8. Source of glucose synthesis: gluconeogenesis

9. Energy source: when carbs and fats not available proteins burned.

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Amino acids

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Building blocks of proteins, contain carbon, hydrogen, and acid group, (N containing) and a side chain (R group)

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Discuss essential amino acids and what happens in the body if they are missing

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There are 9 essential amino acids. If they are missing the process will stop, a different amino acid cannot be substituted. So the protein won't be completed.

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Describe animal and plant sources of protein in the diet

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Animal protein: meats- beef, poultry, pork and fish. Eggs, dairy. Properties: high in B vitamins, iron, zinc. High in sat fats and cholesterol

Plant proteins: grains, nuts (almonds, walnuts, pecans), legumes (peanuts, soybeans, lentils)

Properties: low in iron, zinc, and B vitamins, high in fiber, phytochemicals and unsaturated fats

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Incomplete proteins and complete proteins

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complete proteins contain all essential amino acids your body requires daily, and incomplete proteins only contain some essential amino acids. Your body breaks down the proteins you eat

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Explain why you can get fat on a high protein diet

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Extra amino acids from the diet cannot be stored they are burned for energy or they can be metabolized and the energy in them stored as fat

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Compare the two forms of protein energy malnutrition:kwashiorkor and marasmus

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Kwashiorkor: pure protein deficiency caused by a diet low in protein when protein needs are high. Signs- swollen belly due to edema, and abdomen. Stunted growth, some weight loss. The disease the first born get after the second child is born.

Marasmus: severe energy and protein deficiency caused by starvation. Sign- severe weight loss due to loss of all body fat and muscle wasting more common in children but can occur at all ages

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Edema

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swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues

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Describe health concerns associated with high protein diets

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Diet increases work for the kidneys and eliminating the additional urea that is formed in the urine, diets are high in saturated fat and cholesterol, heart disease, diet low in grains veggies and fruits, low in fiber vitamins and phytochemicals

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List eight most common food allergens

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Most common: Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts

wheat, fish,shellfish, soy

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Protein quality

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Determined by how good the protein is at providing the body with all the essential amino acids

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Explain why proteins in rice and beans are considered complementary

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They are plant sources they're difficult to obtain all essential amino acids in adequate amounts

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Nitrogen balance

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The amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted over a given period

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Describe conditions which negative nitrogen / protein balance would occur

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When the body takes in less nitrogen than it is losing the amount of Body Protein decreases. This occurs in Starvation, burn victims, infections and fevers

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Explain what sorts of people need to be in positive nitrogen / protein balance

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Growing infants, children / adolescents, pregnant women, people and recovery from illnesses, and athletic training

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RDA for grams of protein required

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56 g for a healthy adult (avg. 100 g)

Pregnant and lactating add 25g more per day

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DRI for protein

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10%-35% of total calories us is over 17%

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Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

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eat both dairy products and eggs; this is the most common type of vegetarian diet

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Vegan

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do not eat dairy products, eggs, or any other products which are derived from animals

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Vegetarian

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person who does not eat meat, and sometimes other animal products, especially for moral, religious, or health reasons

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Describe the benefits and risks vegetarian diets

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Benefits: low body weight, high fiber, reduced risk of chronic disease

Risks: protein deficiencies, vitamin and mineral deficiencies

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Protein denaturation

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Alteration of a proteins three-dimensional structure

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Amino acid pool

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All the amino acids in the body tissues and fluids that are available for use by the body

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Pescatarian

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Excludes all animal flesh except fish