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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was one of the biggest issue during the 1990s?? |
Mad cows disease |
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What was the name of the condition that this animal had?? |
BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies |
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What happend to animals that had BSE?? |
They were slaughtered |
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Were healthy animals slaughtered or just unhealthy animals?? |
Unhealthy animals as well as healthy animals were slaughtered |
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What are the symptoms of BSE?? |
Cattle’s used to stagger so couldn’t mobilise Their hind legs would given way underneath which would cause them to stagger |
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What happened if one cow was affected with BSE?? |
Usually the whole heard would also be affected |
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As a result of BSE what did people not do?? |
People did not want to eat cow meat or beef |
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Who tried to prove to the public that beef was safe to eat?? And how did he do that? |
John gummer and he fed his 4 year old daughter beef in front of the camera and to the public |
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What other condition is similar to BSE and Who did it affect?? |
Scrapie and it affected sheep’s only |
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What other disease was similar to BSE and scrapie and who did it affect?? Who did it affect?? |
CJD - Creutzfeldt Jakob disease It affected humans |
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Who was most affected by CJD?? |
The elderly approaching their 60s and 70s |
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What symptoms did patients with CJD have?? State 3 |
Abnormal behaviour Staggering
Not being able to move properly |
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What was the median duration of Illness for patients with CJD?? |
4 to 5 months or 4.5 months from diagnosis to death |
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What was the median duration of Illness for patients with CJD?? |
4 to 5 months or 4.5 months from diagnosis to death |
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What was the name of another condition which is more similar to BSE found in humans?? |
vCJD - the variant form of CJD |
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What was the median duration of Illness for patients with CJD?? |
4 to 5 months or 4.5 months from diagnosis to death |
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What was the name of another condition which is more similar to BSE found in humans?? |
vCJD - the variant form of CJD |
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What was the median age of onset for vCJD?? |
28 years of age |
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What was the median duration of illness for patients with vCJD from the time they are diagnosed to death?? |
14 months |
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What was the median duration of illness for patients with vCJD from the time they are diagnosed to death?? |
14 months |
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Why was vCJD different from CJD?? |
Longer period of illness but shorter incubation period for clinical symptoms to appear |
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What is the symptom for vCJD? |
Physiatrist symptoms: depression, anxiety, apathy Neurological symptoms: unsteadiness, difficulty with walking, involuntary movements |
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What is the symptom for vCJD? |
Physiatrist symptoms: depression, anxiety, apathy Neurological symptoms: unsteadiness, difficulty with walking, involuntary movements |
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Near the time of death for patients with CJD, how are they like?? |
Immobile and mute |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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Who did Kuru affect?? And why?? |
Indigenous people from papa New Guinea because of cannibalism by eating human brains as part of funeral ritual |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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Who did Kuru affect?? And why?? |
Indigenous people from papa New Guinea because of cannibalism by eating human brains as part of funeral ritual |
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Which condition is kuru similar to and how? |
vCJD because they both give way to fatal neurogenerative disorder |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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Who did Kuru affect?? And why?? |
Indigenous people from papa New Guinea because of cannibalism by eating human brains as part of funeral ritual |
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Which condition is kuru similar to and how? |
vCJD because they both give way to fatal neurogenerative disorder |
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What was the symptom of kuru?? Who was affected?? |
Shaking Mostly women and children were affected |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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Who did Kuru affect?? And why?? |
Indigenous people from papa New Guinea because of cannibalism by eating human brains as part of funeral ritual |
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Which condition is kuru similar to and how? |
vCJD because they both give way to fatal neurogenerative disorder |
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What was the symptom of kuru?? Who was affected?? |
Shaking Mostly women and children were affected |
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When was kuru discovered?? and what was it initially thought to be caused by?? |
Kuru was discovered in 1950s Was initially thought to be affected by virus |
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When BSE came about what disease did scientist link it to?? |
kuru |
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What does kuru mean?? |
To shake from fear |
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Who did Kuru affect?? And why?? |
Indigenous people from papa New Guinea because of cannibalism by eating human brains as part of funeral ritual |
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Which condition is kuru similar to and how? |
vCJD because they both give way to fatal neurogenerative disorder |
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What was the symptom of kuru?? Who was affected?? |
Shaking Mostly women and children were affected |
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When was kuru discovered?? and what was it initially thought to be caused by?? |
Kuru was discovered in 1950s Was initially thought to be affected by virus |
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What did they finally link BSE, scrapie and other conditions to?? |
Protein mis-folding |
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Why do proteins need to fold? Give 5 answers |
To be more stable To be more compact for transport and reduce rate of degradation Not functional when not folded and use less energy when folded which means energy is reduced If not folded they become sticky and aggregate as hydrophobic residues attract each other So they can carry their function like haemoglobin |
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Who conducted a key experiment to show what is required for proteins to be folded?? |
Christian Anfinsen |
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Who conducted a key experiment to show what is required for proteins to be folded?? |
Christian Anfinsen |
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What did he use and why?? |
He used RNase because it is easily detectable. It chops nucleotides so you can see if it is working or not as it if it not folded nucleotides will not be chopped |
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Who conducted a key experiment to show what is required for proteins to be folded?? |
Christian Anfinsen |
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What did he use and why?? |
He used RNase because it is easily detectable. It chops nucleotides so you can see if it is working or not as it if it not folded nucleotides will not be chopped |
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How did he conduct the experiment?? |
He denatured RNase by heat and then used reducing agent to break covalent H- bonds and s-s bonds (disulphides) . He then incubated it in physiological pH condition in the presence of oxygen causing re-oxidation of S-H groups (sulphide) resulting in spontaneous return to active confirmation which regained the proteins catalytic activity |
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How many disulphides bonds were broken when anfinsen reduced it?? |
4 |
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After the reduction process was the reaction reversible or irreversible?? |
Irreversible |
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After the reduction process was the reaction reversible or irreversible?? |
Irreversible |
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How come the protein came back to normal form when he exposed it to air?? |
It re-oxidised the cysteine groups which reformed active protein |
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After the reduction process was the reaction reversible or irreversible?? |
Irreversible |
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How come the protein came back to normal form when he exposed it to air?? |
It re-oxidised the cysteine groups which reformed active protein |
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After this experiment what was the success rate?? |
He had a 90% re-folding yield |
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After the reduction process was the reaction reversible or irreversible?? |
Irreversible |
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How come the protein came back to normal form when he exposed it to air?? |
It re-oxidised the cysteine groups which reformed active protein |
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After this experiment what was the success rate?? |
He had a 90% re-folding yield |
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What did this conclude?? |
That all the information you need of fold protein is in the sequence and no cellular machinery is necessary |
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What is the 3D confirmation determined by?? |
a.a. Sequence |
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Name an example of a reducing agent to break the disulphides bond? |
Mercaptethanol |
