Prokaryotes

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Prokaryotes
form & function

Back 1

External
Cell Envelope
Internal

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External structures
Prokaryotes
glycocalyx - pink coating

Back 2

bacterial surface coating outside the cell wall, usually sticky, Its functions are to protect, adhere to, and as a receptor. May be Capsule (neatly organized) versus an (unorganized) slime layer, extracellular polysaccharide that allows starch to attach, the capsules escape phagocytosis (WBC)

Front 3

External stuctues
prokaryotic
flagella

Back 3

outside the cell wall, made of chains called flagellin. attached by a protein hook. anchored to cell wall/membrane by the basal body. used for motility

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External Structures
Prokaryote
bacterial flagella - 4 different arrangements

Back 4

peritrichous (all over the body), monotrichous and polar (flagella on one end), lophorichous and polar (at one end there are several flagella) and amphitrichous and polar (on both poles).

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peritrichous

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Non-polar -several flagella located anywhere on body

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monotrichous

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Polar -a single flagella that is on one end

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lophorichous

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Polar -bunches of flagellum (plural) that is on one end

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amphitrichous

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flagella that are on both poles -polar

Front 9

How does bacteria move?
Motility by...

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Chemotaxis - run and tumble mechanism: (rotate flagella, moves towards or away from stimuli (taxis), flagella proteins are H antigens )

Front 10

What is an axial filament?

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only present in spirochetes,internal flagellum (between the cell wall and cell membrane), rotation causes cells to move. Figure 4.6

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What is another word for axial filament?

Back 11

periplasmic flagella

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External stuctures
prokaryotes
fimbriae

Back 12

fimbriae are very short, bristle like structures and are used for attachment (most contain protein)

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Cell Envelope
Prokaryotes

Back 13

(outer membrane)
Cell wall
cell membrane

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Cell Envelope
prokaryote
Outer membrane

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outer membrane (similar to cell membrane) but also contains lipopolysaccharide. Controls floww of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released

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Cell Envelope
prokaryote
cell wall

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function is norphology protection, a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell

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Cell Envelope
Prokaryotes
peptidoglycan

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the material that cell walls are made of. polymer of disaccharide, linked by polypeptides, 2 repeating units

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Cell Envelope
Cell Wall
gram positive

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thick peptidoglycan cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane

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Cell Envelope
Cell Wall
gram negative

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3 layers - outer membrane, a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, and the cytoplasmic membrane

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cell envelope
prokaryotes
acid fast test

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Differencial stain
Some peptidoglycan weakly stain gram +
mycolic acid-waxy, non-polar & resists stains

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cell envelope
prokaryote
acid fast process

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carbolfuschin - (acid fast) fushia & (non-acid fast) fushia
wash w/alcolhol & acid - (acid fast) fushia & (non-acid fast) clear
Counter stain, methlyene blue - acid fast (fushia) non acid fast (blue)

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Cell envelope
Cell walls
mycoplasma

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bacteria that lack a cell wall persay, stabilized by sterols in the plasma membrane. Most bacteria require a cell wall to prevent the burting of the cell.

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cell envelope
cell walls
L-forms

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wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes (when placed in a solution).

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cell envelope
prokaryote
cell membrane
aka. cytoplasmic membrane

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form is a phospholipid bilayer, its function is transport through diffusion/osmosis as a selectively permeable barrier and the location or site of metabolism (electron transport chain for ATP)

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Internal Structures
Prokaryote
cytoplasm

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The substance inside the plasma membrane. 80% actin filaments

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internal structure
prokaryote
nuclear area

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nucleoid - dense area used instead of a nucleus which contains the bacterial chromesome which is a single strand of circular DNA. Although the chromesome is the minimal genetic requirement for suvival some also contain plamids

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internal structure
prokaryote
nuclear area
plasmids

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'bonus genes' double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.These tiny strands degrade collagen, can easily be shared, and resist antibiotics

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internal structures
prokaryotes
ribosomes

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sites of protein synthesis, tiny particles composed of protein and RNA (70S, 50S (large), 30S(small))

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internal structures
prokaryote
inclusions/granules

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group of chemicals stored for when needed for metabolism examples are fat, phosphate, or glycogen

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Internal structue
prokaryote
endospores

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survival mechanism - under stress the vegatative cell dies and the spore coat holds the endospore which are resting cells that are resistant to dissection, heat, freezing,some radiation and chemicals.