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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What hominin is this |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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What is the chimpanzee one of |
One of the great apes alongside gorilla and orangutan |
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What are species names comprised of |
At least 2 words, genus (capitalised) and species |
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When is lower Palaeolithic |
3.3 mya- 300 kya |
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When is middle Palaeolithic |
300 mya- 48 Kya |
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When is upper Palaeolithic |
48 kya - 12 kya |
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When is lower Palaeolithic |
3.3 mya- 300 mya |
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What is the time frame for basal hominins |
25 mya- 3.3 mya |
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Define cladistics |
Classifications based on shared derived characteristics passed on from recent common ancestor - level of similarity of differences in traits can indicate evolutionary time elapsed since speciation |
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What are the primate characteristics |
1. Vertebrates 2. Placental mammals 3. Sight more important then smell 4. Stereoscopic vision - forward rotation of the eyes, see in 3D 5. High degree of shoulder mobility 6. Grasping hands and feet 7. Flattened nails rather than claws 8. Relatively large brains for body size 9. Complex social lives |
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How many species are in the primate family tree |
230 living species And some extinct ones - not a large group in comparison to other species |
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Prosimians time frame |
60-65 mya |
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New world monkeys time frame |
35 mya |
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Old world monkeys time frame |
25 mya |
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Lesser apes time frame |
- gibbons - 18 mya |
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Greater apes time frame |
Orangutan 12 mya |
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When did great apes (gorilla) appear |
7-8 mya |
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When did great apes (chimpanzees) appear |
6-7 mya |
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What is the African equivalent for the Palaeolithic groups |
Lower - early Stone Age Middle- middle Stone Age Upper - late Stone Age - refer to African archae record |
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What 10 factors are used to argue human uniqueness / what makes us human |
1. Bipedalism 2. Tools and material culture 3. Hunting and eating meat 4. Big brains and social smarts 5. Symbolism 6. Ritual 7. Morality 8. Language 9. Art 10. Religion |
Note that these can be argued against, they could make us human because of the degree in which we have these factors etc |
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When did prosimians appear |
60-65 mya |
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When did New world monkeys appear |
35 mya |
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When did Old world monkeys appear |
25 mya |
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When did Lesser apes appear |
- gibbons - 18 mya |
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When did Greater apes appear |
Orangutan 12 mya |
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Effect of change in climate |
- Change distribution of food resources - breakup of Miocene tropical forests m, expansion of grasslands, woodland and bush land, producing habitats mosaics |
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Climate in Africa over time |
- large scale forests in Miocene - Ice sheets build - tree cover reducing - more open area - large scale grass plains - but this is debated - this is general context seen |
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How genetically similar are humans and chimps |
98.7% |
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What hominins are associated as first tool users and meat eating becomes more important |
Australopithecines and paranthropines |
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What hominin is associated with having big teeth |
Paranthropus |
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What hominins are associated with big brains, complex lives and hunting |
Transitional |
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What are the 4 main basal hominins + years |
1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis: 7- 6 mya 2. Orrorin tugenensis: 6.6- 5.7 mya 3. Ardipithecus ramidus from 4.4 mya 4. Ardipithecus kadabba: 5.8- 5.2 mya - ardipithecus new species |
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Where are most basal hominins found |
East Africa - around African great Rift Valley and olduvai gorge |
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Where was sahelanthropus tchadensis found |
In Chad - surprise as they were found in completely dif area than other basal hominins - suggests we need to explore this area more - more archaeology work |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
- 6 specimens including complete cranium fragmented lower jaw - nicknames Toumai - found in Chad central Africa - bipedal - dates by biostratigraphy associated with fauna dated to 7-6 mya - fossils associated suggest mosaic enviro - move away from Miocene rainforest habitats |
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What hominin is this |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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What are the main primitive and derived characteristics is sahelanthropus tchadensis |
Primitive 1. Small, ape- like cranium 2. Back of skull looks very ape like Derived 1. Small canines 2. Browridge 3. Relatively flat face looks more like later australopithecines/homo 4. Wear patterns on canines more like later hominins |
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Orrorin tugenensis |
- found in tugenensis hills in Kenya, east Africa in 2000 - found in sediments dated to 6mya - femur is young adult - carnivore marks on femur - femur suggest bipedal - humerus suggests some retained arboreality - ape of hominin? Confusing teeth - not much known about species - only have teeth and longbones |
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How genetically similar are humans and gorillas |
95-97% |
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Who is ardipithecus kadabba the ancestor of |
A. Ramidus |
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Ardipithecus kadabba |
- 5.8 - 5.2 mya - Ethiopia - size of chimp, more ape like than ramidus - bones from perhaps 5 individuals including hand, arm, clavicle and some teeth - orientation and shape of toe bone suggest grasping foot but also bipedal characteristics |
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Ardipithecus ramidus |
- Ethiopia - fossil layer sandwiched between 2 volcanic horizons - fossils dated to 4.5 - 4.3 mya - a lot more fossils from this species - 109 specimens from at least 36 individuals - skull similar to sahelanthropus, ape like but slightly flatter - sediment suggest we’ll watered wooded enviro |
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What is the brain size of ardipithecus ramidus |
300- 370cm3 - like chimps |
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Ardipithecus ramidus- ardi |
- complete skeleton - nicknames arid - weighs 50kg - height 1.2m - substantial adaption to both bipedalism and arboreality - retain grasping big toe- suggest significant amount of time in trees also - arms down to knees and long fingers- suggest hanging and climbing |
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Ardipithecus ramidus teeth |
- still U shaped - reduced canines and little sexual dimorphism - thin enamel (modern feature) - small molars and premolars, forceful front biting and gripping (leaf stripping) - varies diet, similar to modern chimps |
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When did chimps and humans diverge |
5-13 mya |
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When did gorillas and humans diverge |
8-19 mya |
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How is divergent calculated |
Looking at molecular clock |
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Give an example of an early primate ancestor |
Procunsul africanus 17 - 23 mya BP |
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Define hominid |
All apes (greater and lesser apes) |
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Define hominin |
Everything on human side after chimp and human split |
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Name 4 types of hominins |
1. Basal 2. Australopithecines and paranthropines 3. Transitional homo 4. Big brained homo |
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What hominins are associated with the first bipedalism |
Basal hominins |
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