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46 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Who were the first hominins outside Africa |
1. Homo erectus 2. Homo geoegicus 3. Homo antecessor |
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Homo ergaster |
1.9-1.5 mya East and South Africa - well preserved full skeletons - brain size 750-1000cm3 - teeth human sized - bipedal; deducted arm length , barrel shaped ribcage, straight fingers and toes - suggest arboreality lost - little known but body stature suggests open, tropical enviro - thought to be first to colonise dif, unusual enviros that others hadn’t - far more human like than previous hominins |
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What hominin is this |
Homo ergaster |
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Give an example of a h. Ergaster fossil |
The Nariokotome boy in Kenya 1.6/1.5 mya - nearly complete male - disputes over age, bone maturity suggest 11-12 years, dental development suggests 8 years , discrepancy means no adolescences growth spurt - primate like rate of maturation rather than human rate which is slower (most likely 8yrs but rate of physical maturity is quicker) - originally thought to have severe pathological problems (genetic) later reassessed - traumatic vertebral herniation I.e. slipped disc leading to severe backache, limping and problems bending (can be caused by holding heavy objects) - survived condition for long period of time, suggests advanced care |
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How does the brain develop in humans and chimps |
1. Chimps - Birth - 40% - 1yr- 80% 2. Humans - Birth - 25% - 1yr - 50% - 10yr - 95% |
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Morphological characteristics of homo ergaster |
1. Larger brain than habilis 2. First hominin to have downward pointing nose 3. Increase in body size 4. Less sexual dimorphism 5. Narrow pelvis 6. Pronounced brow ridge |
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Homo erectus |
1.8-0.3 mya - Indonesia, China - well preserved full skeletons - brain size 750- 1250cm3 - human body plan - found in more temperate/ seasonal enviros than earlier hominins - survives a lot longer in China |
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What hominin is this |
Homo erectus |
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Difference between homo erectus and ergaster skull |
- Ergaster more rounded, more gracile face - erectus, more steeped ridge at top of skull - erectus brow ridge pronounce and robust - erectus have small Sagittal crest - erectus in general more robust |
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What key adaptions did erectus have for endurance running |
- developed Achilles tendon - arched foot - linger stride length - no body hair to sweat Possible by product of bipedalism |
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What does endurance running enable |
Persistence hunting - technique still used today - May have driven greater access to meat - or could have been to reach carnivore kill before other scavengers |
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Homo floresiensis |
- discovered in 2003 - brain size 420cm3 - small stature - fossils dates 700- 50 kya - made stone tools and butchered animals - no evidence of pigment, are of symbolic material culture - found in island of Flores - an australopith like hominin in Asia , not sure how they got there - make tiny tools comparable to African oldowan tools - first evidence discovered for stone tool making among small brained hominin - even at point of lowest sea level, Flores would always be a separate island - good evidence of erectus on Java (close to Flores) |
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Out of Africa complex topography w |
Found that areas first occupied by hominins when they spread of out Africa are all steep slopes environments - extends complex topography theory - suggest these were the enviros hominins were interested in Winder er al |
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When was Europe first colonised |
1.5-1.2 mya |
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When is more evidence found for European colonisation |
1.2 - 0.9 mya |
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Dmanisi |
Georgia, caucasus - fossils from at least 6 individual hominins but lots of variations - 1.8 mya - 15000 mode 1 lithics - 1000 animal bones, only 8 cutmarks |
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Fossils found at dmanisi |
Homo georgicus fossils - includes skulls and postcrania - one fossil found was nearly toothless old individual - brain size 546- 775cm3 - surprisingly small/ short and small brain - overlaps with h.habilis - modern teeth - fully bipedal |
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H. georgicus variability |
Variations in - zygomatic arch - prognathism - browridge - cranial variability comparable to modern pan - finds sometimes used to support an Asian origin of H. Erectus model - places in this species as no one knows what to do/ how to classify it |
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Toothless fossil and dmanisih |
- bone remodelling indicates tooth loss several years prior to death due to ageing or pathology - individual survived without ability to chew - possibly assisted by others, shows care for elderly or different diet - oldest case of masticatory impairment in fossil record |
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Homo antecessor |
1.2 - 0.78 mya - northern Spain - brain size over 1000cm3 - skull/ face similar to modern humans - teeth relatively large - mode 1 tool maker - modern human like but with longer, more slender arms and broader chest |
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what 3 sites have been found in atapuerca Spain + years |
1. Sima del elefante - 1.2-1.1 mya 2. Gran dolina - 0.8 mya 3. Sima de los huesos - 430,000 ya |
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Sima del elefante |
- hominin mandible with teeth - thousands of animal bones but only 33 stone tools - lithic raw material all from 2m radius - dental calculus shows ingestion of raw meat and wild grasses and use of twigs to clean teeth |
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Gran dolina |
- 18m of deposits in 11 layers - 9500 faunal remains - 1000 lithics - faunal remains from 15 species - 170 fragmented fossils from min 11 individuals; 6 children, 2 adolescents, 3 young adults - all hominins show clear evidence of butchery/ cannibalism |
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What was the challenge of dispersal info high latitudes |
1. New enviro/ seasonality 2. Lack of plant food, necessitates reliance on meat and hunting 3. More hunting = bigger ranges, tougher to navigate and remember 4. Bigger ranges = lower population density, more complex social lives |
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Happisburgh |
May be 950kya or 850kya - 78 lithics - several levels indicating repeated visits to site - temp more continental I.e. warmer summers and cooler winters - hominin presence - exploitation of a wide range of enviro |
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Pakefield |
700kya, England - associated with Cromer forest bed formation - associated with floodplain of the former river bytham - meandering river channels, braided river system - 32 flint flakes - microfauna include the extinct vole; confirms age - climatic reconstructions indicate warm, seasonally dry Mediterranean type climate |
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What hominin occupied the first English sites and how did they survive the cold |
H. antecessor - fire? No ev - clothing? No ev - seasonal migration? |
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Relationship between species. Theories for African theory |
1. H. ergaster reach Asia and evolved there into h. erectus 2. A pre ergaster species spread into Asia and evolved into H. erectus who then spread back into Africa becoming H. ergaster |
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Relationship between species, theories on spread to Europe |
1. H. ergaster or pre ergaster species spread both east and north and evolved into both H. erectus and H. antecessor 2. H. erectus spread west from Asia into Europe and evolved into H. antecessor |
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What were the push and pull factors for the out of Africa theory |
Push 1. Population expansion - meat requires bigger territorial ranges, driver for dispersal 2. Climatic factors Pull 1. Obligate bipedalism and stone tool opened new enviro for occupation, simply expanding to fill the available niche 2. Socially cooperative species seeking new opportunities |
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What is mode 2 tec |
Archeulean - handaxes |
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What hominin are associated with acheulean tec |
1. Ergaster 2. Heidelbergensis 3. Neanderthalensis |
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When did mode 2 tec first appear |
1.7 mya |
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Give 6 examples of acheulian bifaces |
1. Classic handaxe 2. Cleavers 3. Picks 4. Knives 5. Lanceolates 6. Unifaces |
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What was the function of mode 2 tec |
1. Chopper 2. Butchery knife 3. Flake dispenser 4. Scraper 5. Throwing weapon 6. Digging tool |
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Handaxe symmetry |
Golden ratio breadth to length of 0.62 - handaxes confirm exactly to this all over the old world - real effort made to obtain symmetry |
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With experience how long does it take to make mode 2 tools ac |
15 mins |
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Acheulean time frame |
1.7mya -100,000kya |
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What is the movius line |
Idea that you saw mode 2 industries to western side of this line - didn’t reach further east or north of the line |
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Current research - movius line |
- line doesn’t exist - so see tec outside of this line - our of Africa 1 was non acheulian - expansion lead to spread of mode 2 tec - mode 2 is not just handaxes |
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Sexy handaxe theory |
Production used as form of male sexual display, whoever made it the best/ more symmetrical could win - would explain why you see large numbers of handaxes on sites, unused - male competition - gain access to females to mate - theory criticised for lack of evidence |
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Reasons for making handaxes |
1. Sexy handaxe theory 2. Reputation building - show ability to care, indicate trustworthiness - form of altruism 3. Part genetically controlled - natural instinct |
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What is the acheulean gaze |
Ability to concentrate - can infer development of male and female bond (ability to concentrate on relationships and form these bonds) |
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Homo erectus sociality |
1.7 mya - female thigh bone - postcrania evidence of pathology - buildup of new bone - caused hypervitamoso - very painful condition - shows individual was cared for |
example other than toothless man |
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Evidence of possible symbolism in homo erectus |
Engraved shell found in Indonesia - incisions - evidence of geometry- recognise geometric pattern |
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3 Examples of art from lower and middle Palaeolithic |
1. Tan tan figurine. 400-800 kya - outline natural rock - two incisions intentional 2. Makapansgat face - South Africa 3. Berekhat ram figure - more evidence of modification, particularly around neck - 250-280 kya |
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