Pos 218: Chapters 13 & 15

Front 1

Elite Model of Community Power

Back 1

In community politics, the theory that power is concentrated in the hands of relatively few people, usually top business and financial leaders

Front 2

Pluralist Model of Community Power

Back 2

In community politics, the theory that power is widely dispersed with different leaders in different issue areas responding to the wishes of various interest groups as well as votersnim

Front 3

Nimby

Back 3

An acronym for “not in my backyard,” referring to residents who oppose nearby public or private projects or developments

Front 4

Smart Growth

Back 4

Promotion of higher density growth so more livable communities can be created

Front 5

City Planning

Back 5

The original term for local government’s role in determining the location of streets and other public facilities

Front 6

Master Plan

Back 6

A city map showing the location of present and future streets and public facilities

Front 7

Comprehensive Planning

Back 7

Local government involvement in determining community goals not only in land use and physical development, but also in population growth, health and safety, transportation, the environment, and other areas

Front 8

Professional Planners

Back 8

University graduates in city planning. They are organized into the American Institute of Planners (AIP), which publishes its own journal and grants professional credentials to planners

Front 9

Livable Communities

Back 9

A design-oriented approach to planning which focuses on protecting neighborhoods and the environment

Front 10

Zoning

Back 10

Local government ordinances that divide communities into various residential, commercial, and industrial zones, and that require landowners to use their land in conformity with the regulations for the zone in which it is located

Front 11

Zoning Variance

Back 11

An exception to zoning ordinance applied to a particular piece of property

Front 12

Subdivision Regulations

Back 12

Regulations governing the dividing of land areas into lots

Front 13

Plats

Back 13

Plans for subdividing land and for improvements that must be submitted to a planning commission for approval before deeds can be recorded

Front 14

Official Map

Back 14

Shows proposed and existing streets, water mains, public utilities, and other public facilities; must be approved for city council

Front 15

Building Codes

Back 15

Local government regulations requiring building permits and inspections of new construction to ensure compliance with detailed specifications

Front 16

Areas of Critical Concern

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Land on which governments wish to halt construction

Front 17

Environmental Impact Statements

Back 17

Assessments of the environmental consequences or proposed construction or land-use change

Front 18

Planned Urban Development (PUD)

Back 18

Special ordinances, usually negotiated among developers and city officials, that approve a mixed-use --- residential, commercial, and/or industrial -- development plan

Front 19

Exaction

Back 19

A fee that pays local government's costs in connection with new development. This charge can come in the form of money or land given to a local government in exchange for approval of land-use plans

Front 20

Impact Fees

Back 20

Fees required from developers by local governments in exchange for approval of plans, presumably compensating for the increased governmental costs created by the new development

Front 21

New Urbanism

Back 21

A design-oriented approach to planning that promotes walkable neighborhoods with diverse population, housing, and jobs and that celebrates local history and ecology

Front 22

Livable Communities

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A design-oriented approach to planning in which neighborhoods enable all inhabitants to lead healthy and independent lives

Front 23

Creative Class

Back 23

Professionals who work in a wide range of knowledge intensive industries

Front 24

Eminent Domain

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The judicial process by which government can take private property for public use by providing fair (just) compensation

Front 25

Just Compensation

Back 25

A fair price for land taken through eminent domain, as based on testimony from the owner, government, and impartial appraisers

Front 26

Takings Clause

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The clause in the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment that prohibits government from taking private property without just compensation

Front 27

Urban Renewal

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The original term for federally aided programs carried out by local government agencies to rebuild blighted areas of central cities

Front 28

Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)

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Consolidated federal grants to cities for planning, redevelopment, and public housing

Front 29

Community Development Corporations (CDCS) or Authorities (CDAS)

Back 29

Organizations Incorporated to provide programs, offer services, and engage in other activities that promote and support a community's urban development

Front 30

Enterprise Zones

Back 30

Federal grants, tax incentives, and loans to communities to revitalize distressed areas

Front 31

Brownfields

Back 31

Abandoned, idle, or underused industrial or commercial property that may be environmentally contaminated

Front 32

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) Standards

Back 32

Averages calculated from highway miles-per-gallon figures from all models of cars and light trucks produced by each manufacturer

Front 33

Superfund Laws

Back 33

Laws that regulate the clean up of toxic waste. The EPA has developed a National Priority List of toxic waste sites that need to be cleaned up.

Front 34

Primary Sewage Treatment

Back 34

Screens and settling chambers, where filth falls out of sewagewater and sludge

Front 35

Secondary Sewage Treatment

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Removal of organic wastes, usually by trickling water through a bed of rocks 3 to 10 feet deep, where bacteria consume organic matter. Remaining bacteria are killed by chlorination.

Front 36

Tertiary Sewage Treatment

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Expensive chemical filtration process to remove almost all contaminants from water

Front 37

White Phenomenon

Back 37

The perception that the environmental movement is a higher priority for white than racial minorities

Front 38

Segregation

Back 38

Separation of people by race; mandated by law in schools and public facilities in southern states prior to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954, and prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Front 39

"Separate But Equal"

Back 39

The ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896 that segregated facilities were lawful as long as the facilities were equal; a ruling reversed by the Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954

Front 40

NAACP

Back 40

The largest African civil rights organization; sponsored historic desegregation case in 1954

Front 41

De Facto Segregation

Back 41

Racial imbalances not directly caused by official action action but rather by neighborhood residential patterns

Front 42

Busing

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In public schools, the attempt to overcome racial imbalances by assigning pupils to schools by race rather than residence and therefore requiring the busing of students

Front 43

Strict Scrutiny

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Supreme Court standard used to determine whether a law has violated a person's or group's rights under the due process and equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution

Front 44

"White Flight"

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The movement of white residents to suburbs in response to increasing numbers and percentages of minorities in neighborhoods and schools in the central cities

Front 45

Fair Housing

Back 45

Anti-discrimination in the sale and rental of housing to minorities

Front 46

Affirminitive Action

Back 46

Programs pursued by governments or private businesses to overcome the results of past discriminatory treatment of minorities and/or women by giving these groups special or preferential treatment in employment, promotion, admissions, and other activities

Front 47

Regents of the University of California V. Bakke

Back 47

Early case challenging affirmative action; ruling that race may be considered a "plus" factor but banning specific quotas

Front 48

"Set-Aside" Program

Back 48

Governments requiring a certain percentage of contracts to go to minority contractors

Front 49

California Civil Rights Initiative

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An initiative that changed California's constitution to include a ban on race or gender preferences, which made some forms of affirmative action illegal

Front 50

Hispanic

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A general reference to persons of Spanish-speaking ancestry and culture. Hispanics are an ethnic group, not a race. For example, there black Hispanics.

Front 51

Tribes

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Semi-sovereign Native American nations recognized by the U.S. governments and exercising self-government on trust lands and reservations

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Comparable Worth

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The argument that pay levels for traditionally male and traditionally female jobs should be equalized either by employers or by governments laws and regulations

Front 53

Pro-Choice

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Those who feel that a woman should be permitted to make choices about her own body, including whether to have an abortion.

Front 54

Pro-Life

Back 54

Those who support a ban on most abortions, generally based on their belief in the sanctity of life, including the life of the unborn child, which they believe deserves the protection of law

Front 55

Civil Unions

Back 55

A legal status some states give to same-sex couples that provide rights, responsibilities, and benefits similar to those of opposite-sex civil marriages