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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Common features of Dr. Luke Gottwald's style? |
- tense, excited verses - catchy/anthem choruses - acoustic instruments & 80 sythn - resemble house mix |
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Who are some artists Ron Fair produced? |
Christina Aguilera, M.J. Blige, Fergie, Slayer |
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What is the major limit to our understanding of music of Black communities? |
Until 1890s
- black music oral - suppressed by slave owners - national with "Minstrelsy" |
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What is a diaspora? |
Forced dispersion of people into hostile cultural surroundings
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What is the difference between melody & accompaniment? |
- Melody: composition that carries identity, humming part
- Accompaniment: everything else, instruments, support |
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How do accompaniments in parlor songs typically differ from those in folk songs? |
- Parlor: like Europe, simple, repeating chords
- Folk: usually none, instruments play melody |
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What are two typical features of folk music? |
- flexible, hard to predict tempo same tune as singer - changing lyrics, tragic or joke |
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What is a typical relationship between a sung melody and the text collected? |
singers sing melody "straight" no need to change |
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How does post-civil war Minstrelsy differ from earlier music of Thomas Rice? |
- Thomas Rice: parody, division btwn black & whites - Post-Civil War: simpler form of cultural insult |
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What aspects of "Oh Susannah!" are influenced by minstrelsy? |
- banjo (African instrument) - melody is plain & seems "shouty" with absurd lyrics |
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What is timbre? |
sound quality that isn't loudness or pitch - bright, dull, grainy, etc. |
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What's the difference between rhythm and a beat? |
- rhythm: way notes are proportioned in time - beat: repetitive rhythm |
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What motivated Herder to study folk music? |
Herder attracted to ancient pre-Christian roots, thought he can discover traditions unspoiled by civilization |
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How is "Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair" a commodification of Irish identity? |
sounding "pastoral" |
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What media technologies are involved in popularization of Stephen Foster's music? |
sheet music for the piano |
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What's wrong with the traditional view that the U.S. is a melting pot? |
- melting pot means mixture of culture that doesn't privilege one voice over another - ignores "assimilation" immigrants subordinate values to single dominant culture |
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What do Zora Neale Hurston account for black cultural expression being "split" between two identities? |
- being invisible & being intensely scrutinized |
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When did the Bell brothers & Edison begin marketing phonograph players and recordings? |
1890s |
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How does electric recording affect singers & their performance styles in the late 1920s? |
allows more sensitive recording, can sing quietly and with more range |
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What main features define early "blues" singing? |
blue-notes - rhythms that place emphasize on weak notes or between |
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How are "Piedmont" and "Delta" guitar styles different? |
- Piedmont: finger picking - Delta: rhythmic structure |
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Whom did Ma Rainey strongly influence? |
Bessie Smith, Ida Cox, Clara Smith |
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What are some of Bessie Smith's distinctive qualities as a 'blues' singer? |
- extraordinary breath control - clear diction - ability to improvise |
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Why is the term "jazz" troublesome? |
- refers to virtually any style of music innovated by early 20th century African Americans - pigeon holed African American composers & performer |
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How did "race records" contribute to Black identity in the U.S.? |
- raised Black's awareness of community identity and a sense of common experience |
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What happens to jazz in the 1920s? |
- popularized & internationalized - bigger band - economic boom: associated as entertainment for wealthy |
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Who was Louis Armstrong's mentor? |
Joe "King" Oliver |
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Name two features that distinguish Kansas City Swing from earlier New Orleans styles |
- more instruments - boogie-woogie bass lines |
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What main feature distinguished a typical jazz band in 1925 from one in 1935? |
1920's was smaller |
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Define blue-note, syncopation, turn-around, improvisation, arrangement & swing |
- blue-note: between happy/major third & sad minor third - syncopation: emphasis on weak/between beat - turn-around: intense musical sound after phrase - improvisation: spontaneous invention - arrangement: supporting existing melody with accompaniments - swing: level of coordination that creates rhythmic tilt |
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What are the major instrument categories in a typical big band, and what are they good for? |
- Rhythm: drum, bass, guitar, piano; keep the beat - Wind: saxophones; choir-like - Brass: trumpets & trombones; sharp attacks & interjections |
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How do Alain Locke's early view of jazz & blues differ from those of Langston Hughes? |
- Locke: look down on Black music, see it as white entertainment - Hughes: praise jazz |
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How did Benny Goodman help to popularize swing? |
"Let's Dance" radio show 1935 |
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Why was Benny Goodman's 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall important in the history of jazz and swing? |
signaled coming of age of swing & jazz as high-art |
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What marks 1935 as beginning of the swing era (three main points)? |
- Count Basie made Bennie Moten's Kansas City Swing - Benny Goodman introduce swing to national audience - Fed Astaire's "Top Hat" made more accessible and romantic |
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Who were some major Tin Pan Alley songwriters? |
Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, George Gershwin |
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Whose band was a breakthrough act for Frank Sinatra? |
Tommy Dorsey band |
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Who were some of the major bandleaders in the swing era? |
Bennie Moten, Fletcher Henderson, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman |
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Where did the "Charleston" originate? |
black communities in Charleston, South Carolina |
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Diagram a stop-time blues form and understand the relationships between the sections? How many lines in each section? Where do lines contrast or stay the same? |
ababABB |
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Who was Lead Belly & relationship to John Lomax? |
- American Folk & Blues musician - Lomax acted as a teacher |
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John Lomax's search for authenticity from Cobain? |
- Lomax wanted to trace African American culture - Cobain wanted personal authenticity |
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What factors in 1890-1910 contributed to an emphasis on Black individualism? |
disenfranchisement, Jim Crow laes & strict segregation |
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What was the primary mode of dissemination for popular blues in 1910s? |
Sheet Music |
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How does the early recording industry of 1920s influence the performing choices of Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith? |
- they would chose 12-bar - want more standard forms of style |
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Name four instrumentalists important in early New Orleans styles & name their instruments |
- Jelly Morton: pianist - Jack Laine: drummer - Charles Bolden: Trumpet - Sidney Bechet: Clarinet |
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How did upper-middle-class black women regard blues in late 19th & 20th? |
saw it as |
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What cultural purposes does call-and-response discourse serve? |
- construct an ideal participatory community |
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Which work did Louis Armstrong reference in 1929 recording of "Ain't Misbehavin'"? |
Rhapsody in Blue - George Gershwin |
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Why is the homogeneity of 32-bar form both a "boon and a challenge"? |
encourages composer to explore limits of genre |
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What are some examples of famous Tin-Pan Alley songs that were meant to represent Blackness in some way? |
"Alexander's Ragtime Band" "Swanee" |
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Which two bands and singers were involved in a "battle" at the Savoy Ballroom around midnight after Goodman & Hampton's Carnegie concert? |
- Chick Webb & Count Bassie - Ella Fitzgerald & Billie Holiday |
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What are a few of the "array of conflicting interpretations" offered about the swing dance craze in Stowe 1998? |
- moral threat
- conformism:loss of social values - voice of modern youth - neurotic & erotic - real music compared to idealistic romantic tin pan alley |
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What was the nature of Arthur Cremin's experiment and Ellington's critique? |
- Placed men & women in room and played music jazz made them rowdy
- not a real experiment, no constant |
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How did the popular reception of swing evolve in late 1930's? |
People stopped being rowdy and became good listeners
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What stage name did rural blues musician McKinley take in Chicago? Why did he switch from acoustic to electric guitar? |
- Muddy Waters - need amplified instrument to be heard above noise |
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What two technological development led to growth in popularity of working-class Blues and Country? |
record & magnetic recording tape |
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What unique personality traits separated Hank Williams from his male country & western contemporaries to help popularize him? |
- sophisticated exploration of black musical styles - emotional solo |
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What was Bill Haley's goal in forming a Western Swing band? |
- symbol of teenage rebellion & desire
- appeal to both black & white audience |
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Which artist did Hughes compare to "musical version of electric welders"? |
Memphis Minnie |
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How have traditional blues "experts" valued "Vaudeville" and "Down-home" blues differently? |
- Down-home: valued & authentic - Vaudeville: not |
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What are five elements of 1950s rock and roll & which four are shared by Rhythm & Blues? |
- swing/shuffle rhythm - back beat - small ensemble - blues inspired singing - television ready personalities |
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Whose footstep did Hank William follow? |
Rufus Payne |
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What would you describe as the catalyst/motivation for the "second" migration |
Movement of blacks from rural America into urban areas |
