Poochie Back

Front 1

Where does the vertebral column extend?

Back 1

From the cranium (skull) to the apen of the coccyx

Front 2

What comprises the axial skeleton?

Back 2

articulated bones of the cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Front 3

How many/what kind of vertebrae

Back 3

33 in all, 7 cervical, 12 throacic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacaral all fused to make the sacrum, and 4 coccygeal to form the coccyx

Front 4

Where does significant motion of the back occur?

Back 4

in the first 25 vertebrae, the five sacral are fused and so are the 4 coccyx

Front 5

lumbosacral angle

Back 5

occurs where L 5 meets with S 1 and is the largest angle (above 70 degrees)

Front 6

Zygapophysial joints

Back 6

where the vertebrate articulate and come together, these joints facilitate flexability through the vertebral column

Front 7

What percent do the vertebrate make up of the column and what about the IV disks?

Back 7

the IV disks are 25% and the bones are 75%

Front 8

Which direction are the curves in the spine?

Back 8

Cervical and lumbar are convex anteriorly and thoracic and sacral are concave anteriorly

Front 9

Lordosis

Back 9

increased curviture of the lumbar curviture "hollow back"

Front 10

Kyphosis

Back 10

incrased thoracic and sacral curviture (humpbacked)Dowager's hump

Front 11

Primary curvitures

Back 11

cervical and lumbar

Front 12

Secondary curvitures

Back 12

appear in the cervical region during fetal period but do not become apparent until infancy--maintained by differences in the IV disks

Front 13

scoliosis

Back 13

crooked or curved back because of rotation by vertebrae or additional partial vertebrae

Front 14

What does a typical vertebrae consist of?

Back 14

vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes

Front 15

Vertebral body

Back 15

anterior, more massive part of the vertebrae

Front 16

Epiphysial rim

Back 16

on the periphery of the vertebrae body where there is a ring of smooth bone derived from anular epiphysis

Front 17

Vertebral arch

Back 17

formed by the right and left pedicles and the lamina

Front 18

Pedicles

Back 18

short, stout processes that join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body and project laterally to connect to the laminae

Front 19

Laminae

Back 19

flat sheets of bone that connect to the pedicle, these two sheets meet in the midline

Front 20

Vertebral foramen

Back 20

formed by the vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body

Front 21

What forms the vertebral canal?

Back 21

The consecutive vertebral foramen, contains the spinal cord, meninges (protective membranes), fat, spinal nerve roots and vessels

Front 22

Vertebral notches

Back 22

formed by the projections from the body: inferior and superior vertebral notch

Front 23

Intervertebral foramen

Back 23

formed by the inferior and superior vertebral notches

Front 24

What are the seven processes of the vertebrae?

Back 24

Spinous process,2 transverse processes, articular processes (4-two superior and two inferior)

Front 25

Spinous process

Back 25

projects posteriorly (and usually inferiorly)from the vertebral arch at the junction of the laminae and overlaps with vertebrae below

Front 26

Transverse processes (2)

Back 26

project from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae

Front 27

articular processes (4)

Back 27

two superior and two inferior that bear an articular surface (facet-come together and form the zygopophysial (facet) joints)

Front 28

Laminectomy

Back 28

sergical excision of one or more spinous processes to provide access to the vertebral canal

Front 29

Spondylolisthesis of L5

Back 29

when L5 slips off of S1, and slides into the spinal cord, creating pressure on the spinal cord and causing back pain

Front 30

spina bifida occulta

Back 30

the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to fuse, no severe back problems

Front 31

spina bifida cystica

Back 31

one or more vertebral arches fail to develop; vertebral column grows on the outside of the body

Front 32

Transverse foramina

Back 32

the cervical vertebrae have a hole in the transverse process that allows the vertebral artery to pass through C1-C6

Front 33

Atlas

Back 33

C1, kidney shaped when viewed from above of below, superior articular facets form a joint with the occipital condyles; no spinous process or body

Front 34

Axis

Back 34

C2-strongest cervical vertebrae; projects a dens of atlas to pivot and turn the cranium

Front 35

Vertebral body of cervical vertebrae

Back 35

small and wider from side to side than anteroposteriorly, superior face is concave, inferior face is convex

Front 36

Cervical vertebral foramen

Back 36

large and triangular

Front 37

Cervical transverse process

Back 37

transverse foramina, small or absent in C7

Front 38

Cervical articular processes

Back 38

superior facets directed superoposteriorly , inferior facets directed inferioanteriorly

Front 39

cervical spinous process

Back 39

C3-C5 short and bifid, C6 is long but C7 is longer

Front 40

C7

Back 40

vertebra prominens

Front 41

Thoracic vertebrae body

Back 41

heart shaped, one or two facets for articulation witht he head of the ribs

Front 42

Throacic vertebral foramen

Back 42

circular and smaller than those in the cervical or lumbar region

Front 43

Throacic transverse process

Back 43

long and strong, posterolaterlly, length diminishes from T1 to T12

Front 44

Thoracic Articular process

Back 44

superior facets directed posteriorly and slightly laterally; inferior facets directed anteriorly and slightly medially

Front 45

Thoracic Spinous processes

Back 45

long, slopes posteroiferiorly, tip extends to one vertebrae below

Front 46

Lumbar body

Back 46

massive, kidney shaped when viewed superiorly

Front 47

Lumbar vertebral foramen

Back 47

triangular, larger than in thoracic and smaller than in cervical

Front 48

Lumbar transverse process

Back 48

long and slender, accessory process on posterior surface or base of each process

Front 49

Lumbar articular process

Back 49

superior facets directed posteromedially, inferior facets directed aneterolaterally; mammillary process on posterior surface of each superior articular process

Front 50

Lumbar spinous process

Back 50

short and sturdy, hatchet shaped

Front 51

sacral transverse lines

Back 51

where the five vertebrae fused

Front 52

median sacral crest

Back 52

fused spinous processes

Front 53

intermediate sacral crest

Back 53

formed by the fused articular processes

Front 54

lateral sacral crests

Back 54

fused tips of the transverse processes

Front 55

sacral hiatus

Back 55

inverted U shaped formed by the absence of laminae and spinous processes of S4 and S5; leads into the sacral canal

Front 56

Joints of the vertebral bodies

Back 56

symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joints) for weight bearing and strength

Front 57

IV disk contains?

Back 57

anulus fibrosus, a ring of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference; nucleus pulposus, a gelatinous central mass

Front 58

anulus fibrosis

Back 58

the outer fibrous part of the IV disk (fibrocartilage); insert into the epiphysial rims; fibers of lamella run at right angles to adjacent ones

Front 59

nucleus pulposus

Back 59

gelatinous central mass of the IV disk; start out 88% water and then get dry and grainy-hurniates into the anulus fibrosis and causes back pain

Front 60

IV disks are thickest in which region? thinnest?

Back 60

Lumbar thickest and thinnest in superior thoracic region. they are thickest anteriorly in cervical and lumbar

Front 61

Uncovertebral joints

Back 61

b/t the unci of the bodies of the unci process of the C3-C6 vertebrae and the bevelled inferolateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies superior to them.

Front 62

anterior longitudinal ligament ALL

Back 62

connects the anteriolateral aspects of vertebral bodies with IV disks (C1 to the sacrum to the occipital bone)limits extension of the vertebral column

Front 63

posterior longitudinal ligament PLL

Back 63

runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, prevents hyperflexion

Front 64

sygopophysial joints (facet joints)

Back 64

synovial joint b/t the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Each joint is surrounded by a joint (articular) capsule; permit gliding movements b/t the articular processes; innervated by the medial branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves

Front 65

ligamenta flava

Back 65

yellow elastic fibrous tissue extending vertically from lamina above and below; resist abrupt flexion; helps restore hyperflexed and hyper extended movements back to their normal position

Front 66

herniation of IV disks

Back 66

occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes into the anulus fibrosis; usually occurs posteriolaterally, where the anulus is thin and does not recieve support from the longitudinal ligaments

Front 67

sciatica

Back 67

pain in the lower back and hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg

Front 68

Herniation of L4L5 causes effects where?

Back 68

in the root of the L5 nerve

Front 69

Interspinous ligaments

Back 69

weak, almost membranous ligament that connects the spinous process

Front 70

supraspinous ligament

Back 70

strong and fibrous ligament that connects the spinous processes; this merges with the nuchal ligament, a strong ligament of the neck

Front 71

Nuchal ligament

Back 71

ligament of the neck that is the same thing as the supraspinous ligament. extends from the external occupital protuberance and posterior border of the forament magnum to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

Front 72

intertransverse ligaments

Back 72

connect adjacent transverse processes; skattered fibers in the cervical region and fibrous cords in the thoracic region, thin and membranous in the lumbar region

Front 73

craniovertebral joints

Back 73

atlanto occipital joints b/t the C1 and the occipital bone; atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2

Front 74

atlanto-occipital joint

Back 74

bt the lateral masses of C1 and the occipital condyles; permit the nodding of the head in the yes and sideways tilting

Front 75

Tuffier's line

Back 75

connects the highest points of each iliac crest, is used by clinicians as a guide for the site of lumbar puncture (near L4 or L5)

Front 76

lamina

Back 76

borad base for the spinous process

Front 77

scapula location

Back 77

between the 2nd and 7th thoracic certebrae

Front 78

uncinate processes

Back 78

lateral lip of the bone lock with one another at uncovertebreal joints

Front 79

odontoid process

Back 79

spicule of bone that was the body of C1 and how is the rod on C2 about which C1 rotates

Front 80

Where does the spinal cord end?

Back 80

T12 to L1

Front 81

sacrum comes from

Back 81

sacred-thought it was the only bone that did not decompose

Front 82

Where do you inject the needle for numb the spine?

Back 82

in the sacral hiatus which is the 4th and 5th sacrum

Front 83

sacroiliad joint

Back 83

the joint b/t sacrum and coccyx

Front 84

What innervates the zygapophyseal joints?

Back 84

the spinal nerves of the doral rami.

Front 85

Batson's plexus

Back 85

elaborate venous system found in the vertebral foramen providing movement of blood to the brain from the pelvis (prostate cancer spreads to the brain this way)

Front 86

Trapezius muscle

Back 86

attached to the base of the skull and to the spinus process of T12; attaches to the scapula and clavicle; shrugging the shoulders, innervated by the 11th cranial nerve (spinal accessory)

Front 87

Latissmus dorsi muscle

Back 87

arises from the lower half of the thoracic vertebrae down to the sacrum and ilium. attaches to the lumbodorsal fascia and ends by attaching to the humerous. Innervated by a spinal nerve

Front 88

Serratus posterior inferior

Back 88

inferior to the latissmus dorsi

Front 89

PAO-Posterior Atalanto-Occipital Membrane

Back 89

membrane that connects C1 to the occipital bone

Front 90

Alar ligament

Back 90

extend from the sides of the dens on C2 to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum (they attach the cranium to C1)

Front 91

cruciate ligament

Back 91

the transverse ligament plus the longitudinal bands that come together and look like a cross in the back of the neck.

Front 92

Tectoral Membrane

Back 92

continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament across the median atlantoaxial joint through the foramen magnum to teh central floor of the cranial cavity

Front 93

Four movements of the vertebral column

Back 93

flexion (front), extension (lean back), lateral flexion (bending) and rotation (torsion)limited to the compressability of the IV disks

Front 94

extrinsic back muscles

Back 94

include superficial and intermediate muscles that produce and control limb and respiratory movements, respectively

Front 95

intrinsic back muscles

Back 95

specifically act on the vertebral column producing its movements and maintaining its posture