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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General Will
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The general will is the will of the sovereign: it aims at the common good and it is expressed in the laws.
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Will of All
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The will of all is simply the aggregate of the particular wills of each individual
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What is the function of the legislator in Rousseau's political thought?
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Rousseau says there are no individuals, but social individuals. So isn't the idea of a legislator is contradictory, because the legislator isn't a social being. The legislator isn't subject to human nature, but can mold the laws of the general will that can represent everyone.
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What is the role of civil religion in Rousseau's social contract?
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This is the religion of a single country, a national religion. Such a religion is organised and hierarchical, with formal dogmas. It teaches love of country, obedience to the state, and martial virtues.
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Robert Nozick
Distributive Justice |
"The minimal state is the most extensive state that can be justified. Any state more extensive violates people’s rights."
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Robert Nozick
Entitlement theory of justice |
a distribution is just or unjust based on how it came about (any distribution is just if it arises from a just distribution of legitimate means).
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Robert Nozick
Historical Principles and End-Result Principles |
“The entitlement theory of justice in distribution is historical; whether a distribution is just depends on how it came about.”
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Robert Nozick
Patterning |
“From each as they choose, to each as they are chosen.”
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"Any distributional pattern with any egalitarian component is overturnable by the
voluntary actions of individual persons over time...." |
Robert Nozick
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" Whatever arises from a just situation by just steps is itself just"
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Robert Nozick
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Robert Nozick
Topics of Justice |
• Justice in acquisition (desk – I have justly acquired it as I have built it)
• Justice in transfer (voluntarily exchange goods – mutual transfer of goods) • Justice in rectification |
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" ...social and economic inequalities... are just only if they result in compensating
benefits for everyone, and in particular for the least advantaged members of society." |
John Rawls
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" [The principles of justice] are the principles that free and rational persons concerned
to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality..." |
John Rawls
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“Every one, as he is bound to preserve himself, when his own self-preservation comes not in competition, ought, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind.”
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Locke (State of Nature)
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“for this labor being the unquestionable property of the laborer, no man but he can have a right to what that is once joined to, at least where there is enough, and as good, left in common for others.”
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Locke (Labor Theory of Value)
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“It is labor indeed that puts the difference of value on every thing… Of the products of the earth useful to the life of man… 99/100 are wholly to be put on account of labor.”
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Locke (Labor Theory of Value)
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“Nothing was made by God for man to despoil or destroy.”
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Locke (Limit on Property)
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Marx
The Nature of Abstraction |
• Abstraction must be grounded in the concrete
• Begin from simplest element of reality, and build up to larger concepts through examination of the relations that structure the initial concept |
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Marx
The labor of the dialectic |
The construction of concepts through observing and building on earlier concepts
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The Commodity-Form
• Use-value • Exchange-value |
• Use-value: the qualitative need it satisfies (its utility – what it is used for; a pen is used for writing.)
• Exchange-value: the quantitative relation that allows different use-values to be exchanged for one another. |
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Abstract vs. Concrete Labor
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• Concrete labor: the qualitative activities necessary to produce specific objects (utility). Concrete labor is unique to the laboring activity.
• Abstract labor: quantitative labor, average expenditure of undeveloped human energy. |
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Commodity Fetishism
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• Commodity fetishism: a process whereby social relationships between producers take the form of social relationships between the objects produced
• Commodity fetishism as restatement of the critique of alienated labor |
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• Absolute surplus-value
• Relative surplus-value |
• Absolute surplus-value: extension of working day
• Relative surplus-value: increasing productivity of labor (e.g. rationalization of work process, reducing wages, etc.) |
