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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three theories surrounding education?
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Human Capital Theory
Functionalism Conflict Theory |
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What is the human capital theory's take on education?
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teachers us skills which make us more productive
paid value of goods produced we earn more money |
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What does functionalism say about education?
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society that consumes more education makes us more productive because education imparts skills that make us more productive
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3 things wrong with functionalism
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1. exaggerates role of technology in education and workplace
2. underestimates impact of conflict (upper class stomping on lower class) 3. neglect the hidden curriculum |
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Neo-Marxists argue what about education?
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argue that the education system is a crucial factor in replicating inequality in the workplace.
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problem with neo-marxist theory?
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that the remedy is communism
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what is the Neo-Weberian take on education?
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there are status groups and conflict amongst them over education system
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what do both the Neo-Weberian and the Neo-Marxist theories have in common?
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they both stress the technical function of education.
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what does human capital theory appeal to?
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pro-capitalist ideas
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Define self-selection bias?
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pick people with characteristics wanted of outcome.
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Why is the Human Capital Theory flawed?
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It has a false assumption that perfect competition exists.
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Why can't perfect competition exists?
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unionization
seniority and years of experience |
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What determines the wages of a job?
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the characteristics of the job not the individual.
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three things affected by student skills and attitudes in Inkeles and Smith study of 1974.
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a) 3Rs
b) different sense of time (hours of day) c) stronger sense of self-efficacy, participated more, open to new ideas, new experienced people, valued science more, accept change, willing to limit to number of children they have (self selection bias) |
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Gottfriedson believes what about IQs?
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That IQs can be changed but not easily
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Gottfriedson say which theory is flawed and why?
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functionalist theory flawed in that differences in educational levels are not consistently related to differences in performance within occupation.
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6 reasons why the functionalist theory is flawed?
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1. less productive with higher education levels
2. rise over time in requirement of job is not accounted for big skills needed on job 3. high percentage of population is overeducated for the jobs they hold 4. employers frequently mistake benefits of having better qualified educated people 5. some employers pay more attention to personality and appearance than to cognitive traits 6. socioeconomic status returns are not consisted accross all types of workers and occupations |
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Gottfriedson believes there is too much emphasis put on the power of education to -------- as opposed to -------?
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produce as opposed to select
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what are the two most important functions of school?
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1. sort by intelligence (functional)
2. they provide some skills 3Rs |
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Why education facts are so widely belived 3 reasons?
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1. info about education is inexpensive, public, and verifiable
2. use of educational credentials is considered fair and rational 3. education does in fact "work" in the current world |
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if everybody gets more educated, wages of educated will go down, and less highly educated up
true or false |
false
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3 ways test are misused according to bracey's put to the test.
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1. used for monitoring
2. principal and superintendent accountability 3. student accountability |
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school's only explain how much of the test score variation?
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20%
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Five factors that influence scores.
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9% of life spent in school 0-18 yrs
family income and poverty motivation personal hygiene cultural factors |
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what are the three types of tests?
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norm referenced
criterion test performance test (authentic) |
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what is a norm referenced test?
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50% above average
50% below average items chosen 50% get right and 50% get wrong renormed every 6 years |
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what is a criterion tests?
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supposed to be better than norm referenced
have .8-.9 correlation with norm tests measure same thing as norm tests |
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what is a performance test?
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need to perform well on
extremely expensive hard to graded only works in certain fields |
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what does valid mean on a test?
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does it test what you think it is testing
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what does reliable mean on a test?
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can you get the same answer 2x either with different individuals or populations
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what kind of intelligence can be tested?
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learned
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all tests are.......
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implicitly norm referenced
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cut off points of norm referenced are.....
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arbitrary
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Don't know the difference between what test scores?
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IQ
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percentiles do what?
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rank order
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what is the simpson's paradox?
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when aggregate test scores can behave differently than individual tests
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what is statistical significance?
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means this difference did not happen by chance
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3 things that effect relationship of statistical significance?
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1. strength of relationship
2. sample size 3. margin of error |
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why is it very hard to affect intelligence?
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1. 20%= school impact
2. we want to rank order |
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two things that make american schooling different than any other school system?
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1. we go to school less than everybody else in the industrialized world
2. US has more kids in school in every grade of HS |
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Describe US education system:
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try to keep everyone in HS and give them a college prep education
80-90% graduate HS |
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Describe Japan educational system:
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test in 9th grade and segregate into different HS
another test in 12th grade to determine who is going to college |
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Describe European system:
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test in 10th grade and kick out
go into apprenticeships only people left who are not going to college |
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According to Hanushek what is wrong with International Test scores?
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1. different population takes the exam and which exams
2. what is on test is someone's idea of what all student's should know 3.tests in different languages are psychometrically different, but we compare results as if they were the same 4. hours of instruction in every country varies 5. grade structure varies between countries 6. the metric system is used in the math and science exams 7. these tests rank order |
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what is the difference between american HS system and the others?
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ours is a comprehensive HS system and egalitarian
theirs: is an elite system |
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if we take the top 10% of last year of HS against all the other students of other countries America...
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rises from bottom to middle in math and science
and are in first place in: reading literature civics education |
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market incentives approach takes what 4 forms?
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1. choice or competition
2. merit pay for teachers 3. high stakes testing 4. businesses reforming schools |
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Hoxby article says competition can be increased how?
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1. normal metro area choice
2. vouchers for private schools 3. charter schools |
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what is an ecological fallacy?
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jumping to conclusions of one subject being studied based on studies of another subject
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competition amongst schools causes higher scores by how much
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3-4 points
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Hoxby 28% increase prediction is unlikely because:
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1. redo tests if everyone scores higher
2. what you see at the individual level is hard to reproduce at the national level |
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rossell's reasons for why gains only seen in black scores:
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leaving worse schools behind
more likely to be segregated start lower |
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problems with the Hartford Program
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60% dropped out
only looked at students who stayed in the program self-selection bias |
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why not nationwide voucher program?
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1. weaken treatment
2. application process is difficult 3.failure of schools 4. test scores will stay the same |
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Teacher Pay Issues:
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1. hourly daily or annual wages
2. comparable professions are not at all comparable 3. summer's off: good or bad 4. single schedule v merit pay |
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What does SSS (Single Salary Schedule) rely on?
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1. years of experience
2. degrees and/ or years of education |
