Pns I

Front 1

individual peripheral nerve fibers consists of 1) _____ 2) ______ 3) ____

Back 1

1. an axon
2. neurolemma (sheath of Schwann)
3. endoneurial CT (endoneurium)

Front 2

vasa nervosum are

Back 2

vessels embedded in nerve fibers

Front 3

epineurium ensheaths

Back 3

peripheral nerve fascicles, vasa nervosum, fatty tissue, and lymphatics

Front 4

a specific area of body wall, the dermatome is innervated by

a specific muscle mass, the myotome is innervated by

Back 4

GSA
GSE

Front 5

dorsal (posterior root): somatic afferent fibers

ventral (anterior) root: _______

Back 5

somatic efferent fibers

Front 6

dorsal and ventral ramus are functionally mixed, meaning

Back 6

have afferent and efferent roots

Front 7

ventral anterior primary ramus supplies

Back 7

the anterolateral body wall, hypaxial muscles and the extremities

Front 8

dorsal (posterior) primary ramus supplies

Back 8

the skin of the back and posterior scalp, facet joints, posterior ligaments of the spine and epaxial (intrinsic back) muscles

Front 9

GSE are somatic efferent fibers
GSA are ______

Back 9

somatic afferent fibers

Front 10

somatomotor fibers (GSE) stimulate what?

Back 10

voluntary and reflex contraction of skeletal muscles

Front 11

somatosensory fibers (GSA) transmit information to CNS concerning:

Back 11

1) touch, pain, pressure & temperature
2) proprioception form muscles, tendons and joints

Front 12

in somaticnervous system, how many neuron is/are btw the CNS and skeletal muscles or sensory receptors, innervated by GSE or GSA fibers respectively

Back 12

one

Front 13

skin of face and anterior scalp are innervated by _____
skin in the body, the dermatome, are innervated by _____

Back 13

CN V

GSA of spinal nerves

Front 14

loss of a single spinal nerve or dorsal root does not produce anesthesia b/c

Back 14

dermatomes overlap

Front 15

what kind of nerves carry information from ________ (aka cutaneuous receptors) in the skin to the CNS

Back 15

cutaneuous nerves

exteroceptors

Front 16

exteroceptors include 3 types

Back 16

mechanoreceptos, thermoreceptor, nociceptors

Front 17

exteroceptors are continuous with peripheral processes of _________ neurons whose cell bodies are located in __________ ganglia

Back 17

psudounipolar sensory neurons

dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

Front 18

dorsal root (spinal) ganglia is located in

Back 18

intervertebral foramen, just proximal to the mixed spinal nerve

Front 19

are there any synapse at the dorsal root of ganglia?

Back 19

no

Front 20

central process of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons continue to _______ in the spinal cord

Back 20

dorsal horn of spinal gray

Front 21

contraction of skeletal muscle is a direct result of stimulus by what types of neurons, and most of these are ______ neurons

Back 21

lower motor neurons

alpha motor neurons

Front 22

lower motor neurons are located where?

Back 22

either brainstem or spinal cord

Front 23

alpha motor neurons stimulate what?

Back 23

skeletal muscles

Front 24

inputs from exteroceptors and proprioceptos are segregated ______ in the dorsal horn of spinal gray.

Back 24

modality

Front 25

ventral roots convey axons of _________ neurons, whose cell bodies are located ______ of the spinal gray

Back 25

lower motor neurons

ventral horns of spinal gray

Front 26

how are lower motor neurons organized

Back 26

somatotropically

Front 27

lower motor neurons located _________ give rise to axons found in 9 of the 12 pairs of CN

Back 27

brains stems nuclei

Front 28

a motor unit is

Back 28

a lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers which it supplies

Front 29

each muscle fiber is innervated by a single _______

Back 29

alpha motor neuron

Front 30

peripheral nerve injuries are divided into 2 types:

Back 30

irritative and destructive

Front 31

irritative is reversible or irreversible?
how about destructive

Back 31

irritative - reversible
destructive - irreversible

Front 32

cause of irritative and destructive pheripheral nerve injuries.

Back 32

irritative caused by acute or chronic mechanical trauma or inflammation.

destructive is caused by trauma (cutting) or neuropathy

Front 33

if sensory fibers are stimulated in irritative peripheral nerve injuries what results? how abound destructive

Back 33

pain or parasthesia (altered sensation) result - irritative.

anesthesia or hypoesthesia (diminished sensation) result - destructive

Front 34

if motor fibers are stimulated in irritative peripheral nerve injuries what result? how about destructive?

Back 34

spasm or twitching result from irritative

paralysis or paresis (weakness) result from destructive

Front 35

visceral nervous system supply viscera (internal organs) and are divided into 2 components:

Back 35

motor (GVE) components
sensory (GVA) components

Front 36

GVE, motor components control, regulate, innervate what?

Back 36

control smooth muscle contraction
regulates glandular secretion
innervate cardiac muscle

Front 37

motor (GVE) components form voluntary or autonomic nervous system?

Back 37

autonomic nervous system

Front 38

sensory (GVA) components convey what

Back 38

convey normally vague and poorly localized organic pain (hard to pin point) and visceral sensations. also convey info related to visceral reflexes.

Front 39

referred pain sensation from visceral is reflected on

Back 39

periphery

Front 40

distribution of sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 40

sympathetic - widely distributed except to avascular tissues

parasympathetic - restricted distribition to head, viscera of trunk, erectile tissue

Front 41

how many neurons do viceral nervous system have?

Back 41

2 neuron rule

Front 42

the first neuron of viceral nervous system is located where?

Back 42

in the CNS

Front 43

sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic axon is long or short?
how about preganglionic axon of parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 43

preganglionic axons of:
sympathetic - short
parasympathetic - long

Front 44

postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system are usually located _______ or ________ ganglion

Back 44

paravertebral or prevertebral ganglion relatively near the CNS

Front 45

postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system are usually located in a ganglion __________

Back 45

on or in the walls of the target organs

Front 46

what's chemical released at the postganglionic terminal of sympathetic? the postganglionic terminal of sympathetic is also called?

Back 46

NE

adrenergic ending

Front 47

what's chemical released at the postganglionic terminal of parasympathetic? the postganglionic terminal of parasympathetic is also called?

Back 47

acetylcholine

chlinergic ending

Front 48

the target organ of are usually dually innervated by para and sympathetic system?

Back 48

T

Front 49

the preganglionic neuron cell bodies of parasympathetics are located where? (2 places)

Back 49

brain stem nuclei
or
the ventral horn of the S2 - S4 spinal cord segment

Front 50

preganglionic parasympathetic axons leave the brain stem in 4 CN's, they are?

Back 50

III, VII, IX, X

Front 51

preganglionic axons of parasympathetic div. leaving spinal cord in the ventral roots of the S2 - S4 spinal nerve form what nerves

Back 51

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Front 52

pelvic splanchnic nerve provide what kind of innervation to what organs (3)?

Back 52

parasympathetic innervation to lower GI, pelvic and perineal organs

Front 53

parasympathetic div is also called

Back 53

craniosacral system

Front 54

visceral afferent fibers in additional to convey sensation of visceral pain, the fibers also convey physiologic sensation arising from ________ and _____

Back 54

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

Front 55

mechanoreceptors innervated by visceral afferent fibers respond to

Back 55

distention in the walls of GI tract, respiratory structures, and the urinary bladder as well as baroreceptor in arteries

Front 56

chemoreceptors responds to changes in (3)

Back 56

1. partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood
2. blood pH
3. the concentration of H+ in the stomach

Front 57

the preganglionic neuron cell bodies of sympathetic div. are located in

Back 57

intermediolateral horns of the T1-L2 segment of spinal cord

Front 58

the preganglionic sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord in the ______ roots of the _________, then exit the ______ canal. the Axons head for bilateral chains of interconnected ganglia called _____.

Back 58

ventral roots of the T1-L2 spinal nerves

vertebral canal

the sympathetic trunk

Front 59

sympathetic div is also called

Back 59

thoracolumbar system

Front 60

sympathetic trunks lie _________ along each side of _____, extending from the _______ to _____.

Back 60

lie in the paravertebral gutters

spine

base of the skull to coccyx

Front 61

ganglia in the sympathetic trunk (chain) are called

Back 61

paravertebral ganglia

Front 62

after transversing their intervertebral foramina, the T1-L2 spinal nerves send _______ to the sympathetic chain via ________.

Back 62

preganglionic sympathetics

white rami communicantes

Front 63

4 fates of preganglionic sympathetic reaching the sympathetic chains via the white rami:

Back 63

1. synapse @ the nearest ganglion
2. synapse @ a more superior ganglion
3. synapse @ a more inferior ganglion
4. pass thru the chain w/o synapsing

Front 64

after synapsing in the chain, postganglionic sympathetics rejoin spinal nerves via _______ for distribution to the body wall

Back 64

gray rami comminucantes

Front 65

gray of rami commuunicants convey _________ fibers back to the spinal nerve

Back 65

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Front 66

ALL spinal nerves will receive some ________fibers via ____ rami communicantes

Back 66

post ganglionic sympathetic fibers
gray rami communicantes

Front 67

body wall structure that receive sympathetic innervation are (3)

Back 67

sweat glands
arrectores pili
vascular smooth muscle

Front 68

vascular smooth muscle, sympathetic stimuli induces ____________ except what arteries?

Back 68

vasoconstriction

coronary arteries

Front 69

white and gray rami are both associated with what ____ nerves only

Back 69

T1-L2 spinal nerves only

Front 70

gray rami are found with all _______.

Back 70

spinal nerves

Front 71

postganglionic axons arising from _______ ganglia will leave the sympathetic chains and form a ________ on the ____ arteries and their branches to reach cranial and cervical viscera.

Back 71

cervical ganglia
periarterial plexus on the carotid arteries

Front 72

interruption of periarterial plexus will produces __________.

Back 72

ipsilateral Horner's Syndrome

Front 73

Horner's syndrome include:

Back 73

ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis (no sweating)

Front 74

some postganglionic fibers arising in the _____ and ____ganglia will leave the chain as ________ branches to cervical and thoracic viscera (e.g. heart, lungs, and esophagus)

Back 74

cervical and upper thoracic ganglia

direct visceral branches

Front 75

the direct visceral branches also convey _____ fibers from viscera to cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves via the ___________. These pain afferent s may stimulate ______ fibers in the dorsal roots of these spinal nerve and produce ________ in the body wall or extremities.

Back 75

GVA fibers
white communicating rami
GSA fibers
referred pain

Front 76

bundles of preganglionic sympathetic axons which exit the chain w/o synapsing are called _______. These fibers will synapse in _____________ ganglia located anterior to _______.

Back 76

splachnic nerve
collateral or prevertebral ganglia located anterior to the abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries

Front 77

thoracic splanchnic nerves contain ________ fibers destined for ______

Back 77

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

abdomen

Front 78

thoracic splanchnic nerves pierce _______ and seek synapse on neurons in _________. a limited number pass thru these ganglia and synapse in the ________. _________ fibers arising from the _________ reach their visceral targets by forming __________ along arteries, arising from the __________. Upon reaching the GI tract, these __________ fibers contribute to formation of _________ system w/i the walls of GI structures from esophagus to anal canal.

Back 78

diaphragm
preaortic (prevertebral) ganglia
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
prevertebral ganglia
periarterial plexus
abdominal aorta
postganglionic synpathetic fibers
enteric nervous system

Front 79

enteric nervous system functions in GI structures

Back 79

facilitate contraction of smooth muscle sphinters and inhibit both peristalsis and inhibit both peristalsis and glandular secretion

Front 80

in the abdomen and pelvis, __________ accompanying sympathetic nerves also transmit pain from _______ and ________.

Back 80

visceral afferents
nociceptors
strong concetrations of smooth muscle

Front 81

nociceptors and strong contraction of smooth muscles in abdomen and pelvis tramsmit what kind of pain?

Back 81

niciceptors stimulated by excessive distension of a part of GI tract or bladder.
strong contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of visceral structure as uterus.

Front 82

splanchnics convey pain via the _____ fibers from viscera to the _________ of spinal nerves _______ via the __________ rami. These pain afferents may stimulate ____ fibers in the dorsal roots of these nerves and produce abdominopelvic "__________".

Back 82

GVA fibers
dorsal roots
T5-T2
white communicating rami
GSA fibers
"referred pain"

Front 83

pain from abdominopelvic viscera is referred to _________

Back 83

specific regions of body wall.

Front 84

SSA convey what kind of information? CN that carry it?

Back 84

info related to those special senses which relate the body to the external environment.
CN VIII: vision - from retina, sound - from cochlea, equilibrium - from labyrinth of the inner ear.

Front 85

SVA convey what kind of info?

Back 85

information related to those special senses associated with ingestion of food: smell, taste

Front 86

SVE innervate skeletal muscles derived from? the CN?

Back 86

derived from the pharyngeal arches: V, VII, IX, X