Physiology Test 1

Front 1

Branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which living organisms function.

Back 1

Physiology

Front 2

Studies the function of human body and studies how their functions are regulated in order to maintain homeostasis.

Back 2

Human Physiology

Front 3

State of physiology "gone wrong"

Back 3

disease

Front 4

Organizational hierarchy of humans:

Back 4

1) Cells

2) Tissues

3) Organs

4) Organ Systems

5) Organism

Front 5

Basic unit of living organisms

Back 5

cells

Front 6

Cells share common features such as __1__ and ___2___ and also have different functions resulted from ___3___

Back 6

1) Division

2) Growth

3) Differentiation

Front 7

Cell differentiation results in the formation of 4 categories of specialized cells:

Back 7

1) Muscle cells

2) Nerve cells

3) Epithelial cells

4) Connective Tissue cells

Front 8

Generate the mechanical activities that produce force and movement

Back 8

muscle cells

Front 9

initiate and conduct electrical signals

Back 9

nerve cells

Front 10

Selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules.

Back 10

epithelial cells

Front 11

Connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body.

Back 11

Connective tissue cells

Front 12

10 organ systems of the body

Back 12

1) Circulatory

2) Respiratory

3) Digestive

4) Urinary

5) Musculoskeletal

6) Immune

7) Nerve

8) Endocrine

9) Reproductive

10) Integumentary

Front 13

This system transports blood throughout the body's tissues

Back 13

circulatory system

Front 14

This system exchanges oxygen from the air with carbon dioxide to and from the cells of the body by means of the blood and helps to regulate hydrogen ion concentration in extracellular fluid.

Back 14

Respiratory system

Front 15

This system digests and absorbs organic nutrients; absorbs minerals and water

Back 15

Digestive system

Front 16

This system regulates the plasma concentration of minerals and water excretes organic wastes.

Back 16

Urinary system

Front 17

This system supports and protects the body and allows for body movement. Produce blood cells. Serves as a reservoir of calcium.

Back 17

Musculoskeletal system

Front 18

This system defends the body against foreign invaders, returns interstitial fluid to the blood, and forms white blood cells.

Back 18

Immune system

Front 19

This system regulates and coordinates many activities of the body; detects changes in the internal and external environments; allows for states of consciousness, learning, and cognition.

Back 19

Nervous system

Front 20

This system regulates and coordinates many activities in the body.

Back 20

Endocrine system

Front 21

This system produces germ cells (eggs in females, sperm in males). In females, provides nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus, and nutrition for the infant after birth.

Back 21

Reproductive system

Front 22

This system protects body against injury, dehydration, and foreign invaders; helps regulate body temperature.

Back 22

Integumentary system

Front 23

_____% of adult body weight is water.

Back 23

60%

Front 24

2/3 of body water is _______

Back 24

Intracellular

Front 25

A system in which a particular variable is not changing, but energy must be added continuously to maintain a constant condition

Back 25

Steady State

Front 26

The steady-state value of a particular variable, e.g. normal body temperature is 98.6F

Back 26

Set Point (Operating Point)

Front 27

A change in the variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change.

Back 27

Negative Feedback

Front 28

Minimizes changes from the set point of the system, leading to stability. Common regulatory mechanism.

Back 28

Negative Feedback

Front 29

An initial disturbance in the system sets off a cascade of events that increases the disturbance even further.

Back 29

Positive Feedback

Front 30

An example of this is the process of child birth (uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion).

Back 30

Positive Feedback

Front 31

Positive feedback is ________ common in nature than negative feedback.

Back 31

Less

Front 32

An adaptive response in the body in anticipation of a change in the environment.

Back 32

Feedforward Regulation

Front 33

________ happens before homeostasis has been disrupted and helps to minimize fluctuations and speed up the response.

Back 33

Feedforward Regulation

Front 34

Componenets of a reflex are:

Back 34

1) arc receptor

2) afferent pathway

3) integrating center

4) efferent pathway

5) effector

Front 35

Reflex pathways may be ______ or _______

Back 35

Neural or Hormonal

Front 36

Local homeostatic responses are also __________

Back 36

Stimulus-Response Sequences

Front 37

Occur only in the area of the stimulus, with neither nerves nor hormones involved.

Back 37

Local Homeostatic Responses (Stimulus-Response Sequences)

Front 38

Intracellular communication is primarily achieved by _______

Back 38

chemical messengers

Front 39

Reflex chemical messengers include __1__, __2__, and __3__

Back 39

1) neurotransmitters

2) hormones

3) paracrine agents

Front 40

Local homeostatic responses chemical messengers include __1__ and ___2__

Back 40

1) paracrine agents

2) autocrine agents

Front 41

Less common intercellular communication is through __1__ or ___2___

Back 41

1) gap junctions

2) cell-bound messengers

Front 42

chemical messengers that are secreted by nerve cells and act on adjacent nerve cells or effector cells

Back 42

neurotransmitters

Front 43

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine cells or nerve, enter the blood, and act on distant effector cells

Back 43

hormone

Front 44

chemical messengers involved in local communication between cells -- exert its effects on cells near its secretion site

Back 44

paracrine agent

Front 45

local chemical messenger that acts on the same cell that secreted it

Back 45

autocrine agent

Front 46

Four major elements in the body

Back 46

H, O, C, N

Front 47

Seven essential mineral elements in the body

Back 47

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

Front 48

13 essential trace elements include

Back 48

Fe, I, Cu, Zn, Se, F

Front 49

Four classes of organic molecules

Back 49

1) Carbohydrates

2) Lipids

3) Proteins

4) Nucleic Acid

Front 50

3 subclasses of carbohydrates

Back 50

1) monosaccharide

2) disaccharide

3) polysaccharide

Front 51

example of a monosaccharide

Back 51

glucose

Front 52

example of a disaccharide

Back 52

sucrose (composed of glucose and fructose)

Front 53

_____ are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which form nonpolar bonds.

Back 53

Lipids

Front 54

4 subclasses of lipids

Back 54

1) Fatty acids

2) Triacyglycerols

3) Phospholipids

4) Steroids

Front 55

If all of the bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms are single covalent bonds, the molecule is said to be a ______

Back 55

saturated fatty acid

Front 56

Molecules with one or more double bonds are _________

Back 56

unsaturated fatty acids

Front 57

Most of the body's lipids are __________, or "fat"

Back 57

triacylglycerols

Front 58

This is similar to a triacylglycerol except that it has two fatty acid chains linked to glycerol, with the sugar's third hydroxyl group attached to a phosphate group.

Back 58

phospholipids

Front 59

These are composed of 4 interconnected rings of carbon atoms bound to hydrogen atoms and each other

Back 59

steroids

Front 60

Examples of steroids are:

Back 60

1) cholesterol

2) cortisol

3) estrogen

4) testosterone

Front 61

Composed of the same set of 20 different amino acids

Back 61

Proteins

Front 62

Proteins account for about __1__ of the organic material in the body ( __2__ of the body weight)

Back 62

1) 50%

2) 17%

Front 63

Nucleic acids account for ___ of the body weight

Back 63

2%

Front 64

Nucleic acids are responsible for the __1__, __2__, __3__ of genetic information coded for proteins.

Back 64

1) storage

2) expression

3) transmission

Front 65

____ and ____ are nucleic acids

Back 65

DNA and RNA

Front 66

DNA __1__ and __2__ genetic information.

Back 66

1) Stores

2) Transmits

Front 67

DNA contains

Back 67

1) phosphate

2) deoxyribose (sugar)

3) bases: adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), thymine(T)

Front 68

RNA contains

Back 68

1) phosphate

2) ribose (sugar)

3) bases: adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), uracil(U)

Front 69

RNA is involved in ___1___ of genetic information and ___2___

Back 69

1) transcription

2) translation of that information into protein

Front 70

3 metabolic pathways to transfer the energy break-down of fuel molecules to cellular energy ATP:

Back 70

1) glycolysis

2) Kreb Cycle

3) oxidative phosphorylation

Front 71

____ energy released from catabolism is in the form of heat

Back 71

60%

Front 72

_____ of energy released from catabolism is used for biological work such as muscle contraction, active transport, and molecular synthesis.

Back 72

40%

Front 73

Energy liberated from organic nutrient catabolism

Back 73

Energy expenditure

Front 74

Heat + External Work Performed + Molecular Synthesis (energy stored)= ________

Back 74

Total Energy Expenditure

Front 75

Total energy expenditure per unit time, expressed as (kcal)/(unit time)

Back 75

Metabolic Rate

Front 76

Metabolic rate in the basal condition. (The subject is at mental and physical rest in a room at a comfortable temperature & has not eaten for at least 12 hours)

Back 76

Basal Metabolic Rate

Front 77

The factor that can most increase metabolic rate is ______

Back 77

Altered Skeletal Muscle Activity

Front 78

To maintain stable body weight, the total energy expenditure (metabolic rate) must equal the _______.

Back 78

Total Energy Intake

Front 79

Internal Heat Produced + External Work + Energy Stored = _________

Back 79

Energy from Food Intake

Front 80

Energy from food intake - (Internal Heat Produced + External Work) = _________

Back 80

Energy Stored

Front 81

Calories in Each Source:

Sugar -

Protein -

Fat -

Back 81

Sugar - 4 kcal

Protein - 4 kcal

Fat - 9 kcal

Front 82

_____ is functional, increased amount of fat results in increased health risk from a variety of diseases.

Back 82

Overweight

Front 83

Increased a particular large amount of fat or extreme overweight

Back 83

Obesity

Front 84

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Back 84

(Weight in kg) / [(Height in meters)^2]


kg * 2.2 = lb

lb/2.2 = kg

Front 85

BMI for:

Underweight -

Normal -

Overweight -

Obese -

Back 85

Underweight: <18.5

Normal: 18.5- <25

Overweight: 25- <30

Obese: >30

Front 86

The ability to increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 86

Calorigenic Effect

Front 87

Single most important determinant of BMR

Back 87

Thyroid Hormone

Front 88

Increases MR by stimulating glycogen and triglyceride catabolism

Back 88

epinephrine

Front 89

Increasing _______ is the most important factor that can INCREASE metabolic rate

Back 89

skeletal muscle activity

Front 90

Food intake is controlled by ______ and a variety of satiety factors.

Back 90

Leptin

Front 91

Primary organ responsible for regulating metabolism is the ________.

Back 91

Hypothalamus

Front 92

______ is responsible for the sensations that cause us to seek food.

Back 92

Hunger Center (Feeding Center)

Front 93

When sufficient food or substrates have been received and leptin is high, then the ______ is stimulated and sends impulses that inhibit the feeding center.

Back 93

Satiety Center

Front 94

Factor secreted by adipose tissue cells

Back 94

Leptin

Front 95

When insufficient food is present in the stomach and _____ levels are high, receptors in the hypothalamus initiate the sense of hunger.

Back 95

Ghrelin

Front 96

The ability to maintain body temperature within very narrow limits despite wide fluctuations in ambient temperature, e.g. birds and mammals including humans

Back 96

Homeothermic

Front 97

_____ is the absolute highest temperature for survival.

Back 97

43 degrees C

Front 98

Oral temp is about _______ than rectal

Back 98

.5 degrees C less

Front 99

In women, the temp in the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle is _____ than the 1st half.

Back 99

Higher

Front 100

Emit heat; the rate of emission is determined by temp of surface

Back 100

radiation

Front 101

direct contact

Back 101

conduction

Front 102

Aided by movement of air or water

Back 102

convection

Front 103

Transform from liquid to gas; large amount of energy required for transformation

Back 103

evaporation

Front 104

Heat production is altered by:

Back 104

- Increasing muscle tone

- Shivering

- Voluntary Activity

Front 105

Temperature acclimatization to heat is achieved by:

Back 105

- An earlier onset of sweating

- an increased volume of sweat

- decreased sodium concentration of sweat

Front 106

Desired Effect: decrease heat loss

Back 106

Mechanism: stimulated by cold

1) vasoconstriction of skin vessels

2) reduction of surface area (curling up, etc)

3) Behavioral response (put on warmer clothes, raise thermostat setting, etc)

Front 107

Desired Effect: increase heat production

Back 107

Mechanism: stimulated by cold

1) increase muscle tone

2) shivering and increase voluntary activity

3) increase secretion of epinephrine (minimal in adults)

4) increase food appetite

Front 108

Desired Effect: increase heat loss

Back 108

Mechanism: stimulated by heat

1) vasodilation of skin vessels

2) sweating

3) behavioral response (put on cooler clothes, turn on fan, etc)

Front 109

Desired Effect: decrease heat production

Back 109

Mechanism: stimulated by heat

1) decrease muscle tone & voluntary activity

2) decrease secretion of epinephrine (minimal in adults)

3) decrease food appetite

Front 110

The stimulus for fever is ______

Back 110

Endogenous Pyrogens (Interleukin 1 and 6)

Front 111

Extreme increases in body temperature can result in _____.

Back 111

Heat Exhausation

Front 112

Heat exhausation often is manifested as ______ or ______

Back 112

collapse or fainting

Front 113

Heat exhausation fainting is due to _______.

Back 113

Hypotension

Front 114

Hypotension from heat exhaustion is caused by:

Back 114

1) reduction of plasma volume secondary to sweating

2) extreme dilation of skin blood vessels

Front 115

High Blood Pressure

Back 115

> 140/90 mmHg

Front 116

High Blood Glucose

Back 116

fasting > 110 mg/dL

Front 117

High Triglycerides

Back 117

> 150 mg/dL

Front 118

Low HDL Cholesterol

Back 118

Males: < 40 mg/dL

Females: < 50 mg/dL

Front 119

Waist

Back 119

Males: >40"

Females: >35"

Front 120

Decrease glucose in blood

Back 120

Insulin

Front 121

Increase glucose in blood

Back 121

Glucagon

Front 122

Two functions of the pancreas

Back 122

1) Exocrine: digestive

2) Endocrine: hormonal

Front 123

______ million children and adults in the US have diabetes

Back 123

20.8 million

Front 124

_____% of the US population has diabetes

Back 124

7%

Front 125

____% of Faulkner county's population has diabetes

Back 125

8%

Front 126

____% of the population in Arkansas have diabetes

Back 126

7%

Front 127

____% of people in the delta region of Arkansas have diabetes

Back 127

12%

Front 128

____ million people have been diagnosed with diabetes

Back 128

14.6 million

Front 129

____ million people have undiagnosed diabetes

Back 129

6.2 million

Front 130

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

- Normal:

- Prediabetes:

- Diabetes:

Back 130

Normal: <100 mg/dL

Prediabetes: 100-125 mg/dL

Diabetes: >125 mg/dL

Front 131

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), 2 hr glucose level:

Normal, Prediabetes, and Diabetes

Back 131

Normal: <140 mg/dL

Prediabetes: 140-199 mg/dL

Diabetes: >199 mg/dL

Front 132

_____ million people have prediabetes

Back 132

54 million

Front 133

Results from the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that "unlocks" the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them.

Back 133

Type 1 Diabetes

Front 134

_______ of Americans have diagnosed type 1 diabetes

Back 134

5-10%

Front 135

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

Back 135

Insulin

Front 136

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

Back 136

- shakiness

- dizziness

- sweating

- hunger

- headache

- seizure

- etc.

Front 137

Symptoms of ketoacidosis

Back 137

- dry mouth or thirst

- frequent urination

- high blood glucose levels

- high levels of ketones in urine

- dry or flushed skin

Front 138

Results from insulin resistance ( a condition in which the body fails to properly use insulin), combined with relative insuline deficiency

Back 138

Type 2 diabetes

Front 139

Most Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have _____

Back 139

type 2 diabetes

Front 140

A condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Back 140

Pre-diabetes

Front 141

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

Back 141

- lifestyle management: weight loss, diet and exercise

- medication with oral hypoglycemic drug, insulin

- prevent complications

Front 142

Affects about 4% of all pregnant women - about 135,000 cases in the US each year.

Back 142

Gestational Diabetes

Front 143

1 out of every ___ healthcare dollars spent in the US is for diabetes

Back 143

1 out of every 8

Front 144

_____ is spent on treating diabetes

Back 144

$37 billion

Front 145

____ is spent on treating diabetic complications

Back 145

$57 billion

Front 146

Complications of diabetes:

Back 146

- Heart and large vessel disease (stroke; PAD)

- Kidney failure (nephropathy)

- Nerve disease (neuropathy)

- Blindness (retinopathy)

- Amputations

- Pre-mature death