Physiology Nervous System 2 (Sensory Input)

Front 1

2 types of receptors

Back 1

1. Dendrites on a unipolar neuron (general senses)

2. An individual cell that synapses to a neuron (special senses)

Front 2

When R is stimulated

Back 2

1. Gated channels open (depolarization)

2. GP (stim becomes electric) IF

- dendrite of unipolar neuron GP directly generates a AP

- OR, individual cell releases nt into the synapse of a neuron (EPSP) generated an AP on the neuron

Front 3

2 types of receptors

Back 3

1. Phasic receptors (respond to stimuli change)

2. Tonic receptor (frequency of AP remains constant

Front 4

Adaptation

Back 4

Decress of sensitivity in the present of a constant stimuli.

Front 5

How does brain perceive types of stimuli?

Back 5

Mainly by type if receptor stimulated

(By the signal brain can tell what nerve it is and where it is located)

Front 6

How does brain perceive stimuli of different strength

Back 6

1.Mainly by frequency of AP going to CNS

2. Stronger stimuli also activate more receptors

Front 7

Sensory(ascending) pathways

Back 7

3 neurons

1st order = unipolar, goes up spine

ESPS (chemical gates)

2nd order = multipolar, medual to thalamus (AP, volt. Gate)

ESPS

3rd order = multipolar, thalamus to postcenteral gyrus

Front 8

Reflexes

Back 8

Stimuli always causes the same motor response

Involves 2+ neurons

Pathway of impulses

Front 9

Reflexes category

Back 9

1. Effector

2. Which side of the body the sensory and motor neurons on on

3. Number of synapses

Front 10

Two types of reflex effector

Back 10

1. Somatic reflex (effector is skeletal muscle)

2. Visceral (autonomic) reflex (effector is smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands)

Front 11

Ipsilateral reflex

Back 11

When sensory and motor neurons are on the same side

Front 12

Contralateral reflex

Back 12

Sensory and motor neurons are on opposite sides

Front 13

Monosynaptic reflexes

Back 13

One synapse between one sensory and 1 motor neuron

ALL stretch reflexes

Front 14

Polysnaptic reflex

Back 14

2 or more synapses between 3+ neurons

Aka intraneurons are involved (motor and sensory come in and out of spinal cord at different levels)

Front 15

Examples of somatic spinal reflexes

Back 15

1. Stretch reflex

2. Flexor (withdrawl) reflex

3. Crossed extensor reflex (step on nail with left foot, right leg must extend)

Front 16

Reciprocal inhibition

Back 16

One sensory signal causes multiple motor signal.

In order to lift food from nail, agonist must contract (Neurons excited) and antagonist must relax (neurons inhibited)

Front 17

Autonomic spinal reflexes example

Back 17

Micturition reflexes (urinary bladder)

-stimulus = stretching of bladder

- receptor: found in bladder wall

- CNS: sacral segment if spinal cord

- effector = detrusor muscle

Front 18

Cerebrum

Back 18

Interpretes sensory info

Initiate and controls skeleton muscle

Memory and intellect

Relay info

Front 19

Brain stem

Back 19

Controls life sustaining processes

Coma If only part of brain working

Front 20

Midbrain

Back 20

Auditory and visual reflexes

Front 21

Pons

Back 21

Functions with medulla to regulate breathing

Front 22

Pontine respiratory centers

Back 22

Area in pons that regulates breathing

Front 23

Medulla oblongata

Back 23

Decussation (crossing of neurons)

Autonomic vital and non vital reflex centers

Front 24

Vital reflex centers

Back 24

In medulla

1. Respiratory area (drives breathing rate)

2. Cardiovascular center

-cadiac area (heart rate)

- vasomotor area (blood vessel size)

Front 25

Hypothalamus regulates

Back 25

1. Regulates ANS

2. Regulates parts of endocrine system

3. Regulates temperature

4. Regulates food/water intake

Front 26

Hypothalamus is part of which systems

Back 26

1. Limbic system (emotions)

2. Part of Reticular activating system

- sets sleep/wake cycles