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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What part of the spinal cord does the autonomic nervous system emanate from?
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Lateral horn
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Where do the sensory nerves go into the chord?
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By the dorsal horn
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What is the polarity of sensory nerves?
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Unipolar
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What polarity is the motor neuron?
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Multipolar
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What neurotransmitter does the preganglionic nerve fibers release?
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ACH
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What neurotransmitter does the postganglionic nerve fiber release?
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Epinephrine, norepinephrine
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What is the origin of the cranial nervous system?
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Thoracic lumbar
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What are the cranial nerves that are parasympathetic?
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3 (oculomotor), 7 (facial), 9 (glossopharyngeal), 10 (vagas)
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What is incephalitis?
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Inflammation of the brain
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What is a procephalon?
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Forebrain
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What is a mesencephalon?
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Midbrain
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What is a rhombencephalon?
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Hindbrain
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What does the pineal gland regulate?
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Cycles like light, sleep, mating and it is triggered by the duraiton of light
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What parts of the brain is considered the reptilian system?
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Brain stem, diencephalon
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What part of the brain determines your intelligence?
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Cerebellum
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Why are hominids and cetaeceans considered intelligent?
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Large brain to body ratio, more surface area for cells
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How do we increase surface area on our brains?
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We have ridges (sulci) and gyri (hills) in the cerebrum.
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What part of the brain is in charge of memory?
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The limbic system
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What is the corpus callosum's fxn?
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To allow one half of the brain communicate with the other half
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What does the reticuluar activation system do?
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Ennervates all parts of the brain at the same time. Narcolepsy shuts downt he reticular activation system.
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Where does the pyramidal track cross?
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The medulla oblongata
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Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
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Olfactory, optic, vestibuccochlear
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Which ones are purely motor?
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Oculomotor, trochlearabducens, accessory, hypoglossal
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What do ependymal cells do?
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They line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and act as a barrier between cerebrospinal fluid. Cilia on the ependymal cells circulates the fluid.
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What are astrocytes?
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They are the most abdundant and versatile of glial cells and they exchange info between capillaries and neurons, determines the capillary permeability, guides neuron migration, helps synapse formation
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What are the names for the 'bundles of neurons' in the CNS and PNS?
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CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves |
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How do they structurally classify neurons?
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The bundles of neuron proccesses
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What polarity are efferent neurons?
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Bipolar
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What kind of channels respond to the change in membrane potential?
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Voltage gated channels
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What do chemical synapses communicate with?
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Neurotransmitters
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What do diverging circuits cause?
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When they travel from a single neuron of the brain, they can activate hundreds more motor neurons and thus amplify circuits.
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What is the structure where all of the structures of the CNS operate?
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Neural tube
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What does each cerebral hemisphere have?
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Superficial cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and a basal nuclei.
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What do pyramidal cells allow us to do?
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Control our skeletal muscles
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What does the multimodal association cortex do?
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Helps us look back at our past experience and base our decisions off of them
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What does the cerebral white matter do?
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Allow communication between cerebral areas, cerebral cortex, and lower CNS centers
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What structures does the diencephalon have?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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What does the medulla oblongata the center of?
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Reflex center which includes cardiovascular, respiratory, and vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
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What does the arachnoid mater do?
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Forms loose, mid brain layer covering.
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What is the blood brain barrier?
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It's a protective mechanism that provides a stable environment for the brain.
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Where are the 2nd order neuron cells located?
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Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
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What is poliomyetis?
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Viral destrcution of ventral horn motor neurons.
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Proprioreceptors are classified by....
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their location
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What are the fast adapting receptors?
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Phasic receptors
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How do phasic receptors adapt?
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They change in the sensitivity in response to the constant stimulus
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What receptors have a sustained respose with little to no adaptation?
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Tonic receptor
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Where do the first two pairs of the cranial nerves attach?
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To the forebrain
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What does the median nerve do?
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From the arm to the anterior forearm, they branch off to innervate skin and flexor muscles of the ergion. The nerve controls 5 intrinsic muscles of the palm.
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What happens in carpal tunnel syndrome?
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The median nerve is compressed.
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What happens when the phrenic nerve is severed?
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Breathing would stop
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What is the sciatic nerve?
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The largest branch of the social plexus, longest and thickest nerve, and extends to the lower limb. It is made up of 2 nerves.
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Describe the stages of the pathway of motor control.
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Segmental level, projection, precommand
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What part of the brain is in charge of the projection level?
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Primary motor cortex
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What part of the brain s in charge of the segmental controL?
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Spinal cord circuits
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What part of the brain is in charge of the precommand level?
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Cerebellum/basal nuclei
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What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?
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Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
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What is the purpose of the flexor reflex?
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Painful stimuli
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What is the purpose of the knee jerk reflex?
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Stretch to maintain muscle tone and adjusting
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What is the purpose of the flexor reflex?
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Painful stimulus?
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What is the Golgi tendon reflex?
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Protects from tearing and helprs with keeping a smooth onset and stops muscle contractions
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What do superficial reflexes do?
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Gentle cutaneous stimulation
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What does ACH do?
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Excitatory, muscle fibers contract
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Which system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
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Sympathetic
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What cranial nerve activates the parotid salivary glands?
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Glossopharyngeal
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Where does the vagus run and what does it do?
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Thorax, sends branches to the cardiac plexuse and supplies fibers to the herat to slow heart rate
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Which is more complex: sympathetic or parasympathetic?
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Sympathetic
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What is an example of referred pain?
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Experiencing heart attack and feeling pain on left arm.
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What neurotransmitters are released by the autonomic nervous system?
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ACH, norepinephrine
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What do alpha blockers do?
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They interfere with the activity of vasomotor fibers that control blood vessel tone
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Can the sympathetic nervous system leave long term effect?
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Yes, they can trigger a hormonal effect that lasts much longer.
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What might the cerebral cortex subconsciously change?
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Workings of the ANS
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What happens in diabetes mellitus?
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autonomic neuropathy
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What does blood shunting do?
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Maintains circulation to vital organs during circulatory shock
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What does the sclera consist of?
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Composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and the iris. It is the fibrous, vascular layer of the eye.
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What muscle dilates the eye pupils?
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Radial muscles.
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What muscle constricts the pupils?
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Sphincter pupillae (circular muscles)
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What do rods do?
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They help with dim light and peripheral vision.
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What does the aqueous humor do?
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Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea and it is constantly produced and drained. THey also help rid of waste
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What does the vitreous humor do?
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Formed in the embryo, it trasmits light, supporst, posterior surface of the lens, and contributes to intraocular pressure
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What is the rhodopsium responsible for?
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Adjusting to low light concentration
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Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
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Roof of nasal cavity
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What structures are part of the external ear?
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Auricle, external acoustic meatus
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What structures are part of the inner ear?
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Semicircular canals
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How do soundwaves travel?
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Go through air, tympanic membrane, vibrations transmitted by ossicles to fluids in the inner ear, motion of fluid stimulates receptor cells in spiral organ of corti,sound sensing organs transmits signals to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
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Frequency
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Number of waves that pass at a given point in time
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Wavelength
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Distance between two crests
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Tone
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One sound wave frequency
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Amplitude
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height of sound crest
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Sound quality
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Mix of sound wave frequency
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What does the Acetic equilibrium do?
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Monitor head position
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What chemicals trigger the sweet taste bud?
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Alcohol, sugars, saccarin, amino acids, salts
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What chemicals trigger the sourt taste bud?
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Acids, H+
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What chemicals trigger the salty taste buds?
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Metals
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What chemicals trigger the bitter taste buds?
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Alkaloid, monalkaloid
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What chemicals trigger the umami taste bud?
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Glutamate, aspartame
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