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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes secretin release |
stimulated by acid in the duodenum |
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Secretin |
decreases gastric secretion and motility is released from the duodenum |
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What causes the release of Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
stimulated by fat and protein in the duodenum |
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Cholecystokinin |
decreases gastric secretion and motility stimulates secretion from the pancreas is released from the duodenum into the blood |
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What is secreted into the lumen of the GI tract at the duodenum? |
bile |
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What is secreted into the lumen of the stomach |
pepsinogen |
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Slow waves in gastrointestinal smooth muscle are (2) |
more likely to reach threshold for action potentials if acetylcholine is present caused by Pacemaker cells |
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Contraction of circular muscle |
propulsive segment: during peristalsis and segmenting movements |
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Contraction of longitudinal segment |
receiving segment: during peristalsis and segmenting movements |
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Secondary peristalsis in the esophagus |
is caused by food in the esophagus |
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The depolarizing phase of a gastric action potential (2) |
closes the pyloric sphincter pushes some chyme through the pyloric sphincter |
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Amino acids in the liver are (2) |
converted into plasma proteins converted into glucose |
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Secretion from the pancreas: |
contains lipase is stimulated by food in the intestine is stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) contains trypsinogen is increased during all 3 phases |
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What is a micelle made up of? |
bile salts free fatty acids cholesterol fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E |
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Bile salts (5)
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have a lipophilic end derived from cholesterol
have a lipophilic end that is inserted into fat droplets are involed in the emulsification of fat have a lipophobic end which is a string of amino acids prevent the reformation of large fat droplets |
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Which of the following is not a form of motility |
haustrations |
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Which of the following are forms of motility (3) |
segmentation migrating motor complex peristalsis |
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Breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates |
only monosaccharides are absorbed breakdown of polysaccharides begins in the mouth the absorption of glucose has a transport maximum epithelial disaccharidase breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides nothing happens in the stomach |
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Breakdown and absorption of lipids |
monoglycerides can be absorbed breakdown of lipids involves the cleavage of fatty acids from triglycerides free fatty acids are absorbed from micelles lingual lipase starts breakdown pancreatic lipase does most of the breakdown |
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Breakdown and absorption of proteins |
chymotrypsin is an endopeptidase pepsinogen is cleaved by pepsin to form pepsin trypsinogen is cleaved by trypsin to form trypsin trypsinogen is secreted from the pancreas amino acids, tripeptides, and dipeptides are all absorbed through secondary active transport |
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What stimulates the release of Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
stimulated by glucose in the duodenum |
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
increase GIP causes increased insulin secretion inhibits gastric motility and secretion |
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Secretin, CCK, and GIP all come from |
the small intestine |
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Effectors in the gastrointestinal system include |
exocrine cells |
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Serous cells |
secrete salivary amylase |
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Plateau phase of the gastric action potential |
causes a contraction that grinds chyme against the closed pyloric sphincter |
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When is gastric secretion increased |
cephalic phase gastric phase |
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Bile |
secreted into the duodenum contains HCO3 stored and concentrated in the gall bladder contains bilirubin |
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The migrating motor complex |
begins in the antrum of the stomach occurs during the postabsorptive state removes undigested debris helps to prevent bacterial growth |
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Gastrin |
stimulates gastric secretion and motility is involved in the gastroileal reflex comes from the stomach stimulus for secretion is protein in the stomach stimulates the stomach to digest food |
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Saliva |
release is increased by contraction of myoepithelial cells contains HCO3 released by duct cells |
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Saliva contains |
amylase lipase HCO3 |
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What is released by chief cells? |
Pepsinogen |
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How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin |
by pepsin by HCl |
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What causes sweating? |
release of acetylcholine at sweat glands |
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Facilitated diffusion |
there may be competition between the transport of different substances that bind to the same carrier there is a transport maximum |
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During an action potential |
the membrane potential briefly becomes positive opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels cause the rising phase (rapid depolarization) |
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An excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) |
moves the membrane potential toward threshold is a grade potential can be summated together with other epsp's by both spatial and temporal summation can be caused by closing a K+ channel |
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The sympathetic nervous system |
always releases acetylcholine from the preganglionic axon which acts on nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron |
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The stretch reflex |
when initiated the Ia sensory afferent stimulates an inhibitory interneuron innervating the a-Mn antagonist |
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Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle |
contraction ends when calcium is actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to shift exposing the myosin binding sites on actin summation of the contractions occurs when there are a high frequency of action potentials in the a-Mn |
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What plays an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle? |
calmodulin |
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Contraction is _______ filament regulated in skeletal muscle |
thin |
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Contraction is _______ filament regulated in smooth muscle |
thick |
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During normal inspiration |
pleural pressure is becoming more negative alveolar pressure is negative |
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The oxygen-Hb equilibrium curve |
shows that it is easier for O2 to bind to Hb when it is shifted to the left shows that as one O2 is removed for Hb, the next O2 molecule is more easily removed from Hb in the steep region of the curve large amounts of oxygen are removed from Hb as the PO2 decreases |
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The oxygen-Hb equilibrium curve shifts to the right |
in the presence of high CO2 concentration near active tissue when there are high levels of H+ present |
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The oxygen-Hb equilibrium curve shifts to the left |
in the lungs making it easier for O2 to bind to Hb when there are low levels of H+ present |
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Starling forces |
capillary colloid osmotic pressure is a force opposing filtration in each capillary Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure is a force opposing filtration capillary colloid osmotic pressure increases significantly along a glomerular capillary but not a normal capillary |
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What stimulates ADH release? |
stimulated by high extracellular fluid osmolarity stimulated by low extracellular fluid volume |
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Functions of ADH |
acts to bring the concentration of the filtrate in the collecting duct to equilibrium with the concentration of the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla causes the formation of cAMP has its effects on the distal tubule and collecting duct |
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Respiratory alkalosis |
may be compensated for by the kidney secreting less H+ may be compensated for by the kidneys decreasing HCO3- reabsorption |
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Respiratory acidosis |
may be compensated for by the kidneys increasing HCO3 reabsorption may be compensated for by the kidneys increasing H+ secretion |
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Metabolic alkalosis |
may be caused by vomiting can be compensated for by decreased ventilation |
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Metabolic acidosis |
can be caused by diarrhea may be compensated for by increased ventilation would always be associated with low HCO3- |
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Spatial summation |
is caused by action potentials arriving at two different synapses that are close enough together so that the post-synaptic potentials summate |
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What determines the length of the depolarization phase of an action potential? |
L-type calcium channels opening |
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Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
between sertoli cells |
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Concentrating urine requires |
reabsorption of H2O from the collecting duct concentrated interstitial fluid in the inner medulla of the kidney the presence of ADH |
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What type of receptor does Aldosterone bind to? |
intracellular |
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What cell type secretes inhibin? |
Sertoli cells |
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How does glucose move across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in the kidney? |
Secondary active transport |
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A cell has a membrane potential of -80 mV, this may be explained by |
the cell has greater than normal permeability to K+ the cell has less than normal permeability to Na+ |
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The gamma (y)-motor neuron: |
maintains stretch on the stretch receptor when the muscle shortens |
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Asthma |
may be treated with a B2 receptor agonist |
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ADH release is stimulated by |
low extracellular fluid volume |
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The maximum concentration the filtrate can reach is the concentration of |
the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla |
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Primordial follicles contain |
granulosa cells, but not theca cells |
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The active form of vitamin D3 |
acts to increase plasma levels of both calcium and phosphate |
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Which hormone is released into the primary plexus? |
somatostatin |
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During an action potential |
the membrane potential briefly becomes positive |
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During the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle: |
actin and myosin unbind when ATP binds to the S1 region of the myosin head |
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In the proximal tubule |
the concentration of glucose is decreasing the majority of the filtered Na+ is reabsorbed |
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Aldosterone decreases levels of _____ in the plasma |
K+ |
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Countercurrent exchange |
involves the movement of Na+, Cl-, and H2O between the limbs of the vasa recta |
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What type of reaction is the production of ketone bodies by the liver? |
post-abosrptive state reaction |
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The hypophyseal portal vessel carries which hormone? |
TRH |
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During pregnancy prolactin is stimulated by estrogen from the |
placenta |
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Calcitonin |
inhibits osteoclasts decreases plasma phosphate is produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland |
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Testosterone inhibits the release of |
FSH |
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The primary oocyte has ____ doubled chromosomes |
46 |
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Estrogen release from the secondary follicles causes |
a decrease in FSH release |
