Physiology Chapter 1 To 2: Mixed

Front 1

AMU of an atom is based on the number of ___ and ___.

Back 1

protons + neutrons = AMU

Front 2

electrons can be added or removed from an atom thereby creating ___.

Back 2

-ion
-an ion is an atom that has developed a charge.

Front 3

Neutrons can be added or removed from an atom thereby creating an ___.

Back 3

isotope

Front 4

an ion made of several atoms with just a single charge

Back 4

polyatomic ion

Front 5

produced in urine

Back 5

ammonium ion

Front 6

ion associated with the blood and respiratory system

Back 6

carbonate ion

Front 7

ion acts as a buffer and is associated with the blood and the respiratory system

Back 7

bicarbonate ion

Front 8

associated with the bones, cell membrane, and cell reproductive (to name a few) and any chemical reaction involving a process called ___.

Back 8

phosphate ion, phosphorylation

Front 9

the measure of hydrogen ions in the solution

Back 9

pH

Front 10

Hydrogen ions have a ___ characteristic

Back 10

acidic

Front 11

If the pH is abnormal, the enzymes will ___ and therefore the chemical reactions will slow down or cease.

Back 11

denature

Front 12

the p in pH stands for the word, "___." It is english for ___.

Back 12

potentia, power

Front 13

The more hydrogen ions that are present, the ___ the pH becomes

Back 13

lower

Front 14

the pH numbers on the pH scale are ___ log values

Back 14

negative

Front 15

A ___ is any chemical that will resist changes in pH

Back 15

buffer

Front 16

carbohydrates are made of 3 things...

Back 16

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 17

what enzyme breaks down lactose to form ___ and ___

Back 17

lactase, to form glucose and galactose

Front 18

what enzyme breaks down sucrose (table sugar) to form ___ and ___

Back 18

sucrase, to form glucose and fructose

Front 19

what enzyme breaks down maltose (found in beer) to form two monomers of ___

Back 19

maltase, monomers of glucose

Front 20

what enzyme breaks down starch (found in bread and potatoes) to form many monomers of ___

Back 20

amylase, monomers of glucose

Front 21

the liver can make a polysaccharide (and store it) called ___.

Back 21

glycogen

Front 22

the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates are called...

Back 22

carbohydrases

Front 23

the enzyme that breaks down protein are collectively called...

Back 23

proteases

Front 24

the enzyme that break down lipids are collectively called...

Back 24

lipases

Front 25

what is function of calcitonin

Back 25

hormone from thyroid gland that causes bone cells to remove calcium ions from the bloodstream.

Front 26

what is function of parathormone

Back 26

hormone from thyroid gland that causes bone cells to put calcium ions into the bloodstream.

Front 27

a negative feedback mechanism exhibits ___.

Back 27

fluctuation

Front 28

the inside of the cell is made of a lot of water generally referred to as the ___ of the cell.

Back 28

cytosol

Front 29

are chromosomes organelles?

Back 29

no

Front 30

nucleus is ___ and ___ is plural

Back 30

nucleus, nuclei

Front 31

function of ribosomes

Back 31

produce protein

Front 32

describe steps of function of ribosomes

Back 32

1. we digest protein
2. the digested protein forms individual amino acid units
3. the amino acids enter the cell.
4. the amino acids enter the ribosomes
5. the ribosomes assemble the amino acids to make a protein the cell needs

Front 33

describe steps of function of golgi apparatus

Back 33

1. products such as protein enter the golgi apparatus
2. the golgi apparatus modifies the protein and then releases it
3. these modified products can become:
a. lysosomes (vacuoles containing enzymes)
b. cell membrane component (glycoprotein).
c. secretory vesicles [containing hormones (for example)]

Front 34

what are lysosomes produced by and what is its function

Back 34

produced by golgi apparatus, it functions to digest materials entering the cell (lipids and glycogen)

Front 35

what are the two enzymes released by lysosomes

Back 35

enzymes and hexoaminidase A

Front 36

describe steps of glycogen breakdown with lysosomes

Back 36

1. organic molecules enter the cell to form glycogen (a large polysaccharide) for storage
2. lysosomes release an enzyme
3. this enzyme breaks down the glycogen to form glucose monomers that can be used by the cell

Front 37

describe the lipid breakdown by lysosomes

Back 37

1. organic molecules enter the cell. The cell forms lipids from those organic molecules.
2. the lysosomes release the enzyme called hexoaminidase A.
3. Hexoaminidase A breaks down lipids to form products the cell can use

Front 38

what are peroxisomes. What enzyme does it contain.

Back 38

peroxisomes are vacuoles that look like lysosomes that contain the enzyme catalase

Front 39

what is function of catalase

Back 39

catalase is an enzyme that controls the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

Front 40

describe steps of hydrogen peroxide breakdown by peroxisomes

Back 40

1. chemical reactions in the body yield hydrogen peroxide
2. catalase (from peroxisomes) will break down hydrogen peroxide.
3. hydrogen peroxide will break down to form water and an oxygen radical (oxidant).
4. this oxygen radical (oxidant) can kill bacteria.

Front 41

what is the main function of mitochondria?

Back 41

produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Various reactions withing the mitochondria will also yield cholesterol and fatty acids.

Front 42

what is ATP's function?

Back 42

adenosine triphosphate is required for the muscle contraction such as heart beating.

Front 43

poison that disrupts the activity of the mitochondria

Back 43

cyanide

Front 44

what is the function of SER

Back 44

detoxify drugs and manufacture hormones. liver cells =detoxify drugs, thyroid and pituitary gland = manufacture and release hormones

Front 45

what does the nucleus hoses?

Back 45

nucleolus and chromosomes

Front 46

what are chromosomes made of?

Back 46

DNA

Front 47

what are ribosomes

Back 47

protein

Front 48

what modifies protein transported from the RER

Back 48

golgi apparatus

Front 49

what gives instructions to ribosomes reguarding what kind of proteins to make?

Back 49

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Front 50

describe process of the making of protein in ribosomes

Back 50

1. transcription - the process of RNA picking up the chemical instructions from DNA.
2. RNA will exit the nucleus and tkae the chemically coded message to the ribosomes. now it is called messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA gives the coded message to ribosomes. ribosomes will tkae the message and interpret it and begin to make appropriate protein (translation).

Front 51

what kind of molecule is DNA?

Back 51

double stranded helix molecule

Front 52

what kind of molecule is RNA?

Back 52

single stranded molecule

Front 53

4 molecules of cell membranes

Back 53

phospholipid - gives cell its permeable characteristic. two layers of phospholipids
glycolipid - found only on the outer layer, gives the cell its identifable characteristics
protein - forms channels for large molecules to pass through
cholesterol - seems to control the rate of flow material in and out of the cell

Front 54

fluid mosaic movement

Back 54

proteins found in the cell membrane are channel proteins that move throughout the membrane.