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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stimulus for erythropoetin secretion by the kidney
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hypoxia
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whats the active form of vitamin D made in the kidney
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Calcitrol, Vitamin D3
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what can the kidneys make in periods of severe fasting
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glucose via gluconeogenesis
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renal blood flow
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22% cardiac output or 1100 ml/min
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why is there high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
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for rapid fluid filtration
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why is there a lower pressure in the peritubular capillaries
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rapid fluid reabsorption
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nephron count with age
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after age 40, decreases 10% for every 10 years
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what is the glomerulus encased in
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bowmans capsule
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micturation reflex
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peeing
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contraction of what is important for bladder emptying
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detrussor
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how can you tel the trigone from the bladder wall
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trigone is smooth
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what is the difference between the internal and external sphincter
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internal is smooth muscle, external is skeletal
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bladder innervation
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sacral plexus S2 S3
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what is the external sphincter innervation
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pudendal
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ureter peristaltic contractions are inhibited by
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sympathetics
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ureter peristaltic contractions are promoted by
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parasympathetics
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how is urine backflow into the ureters stopped
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tone of the detrussor muscle
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what is it called when an abnormal efflux of urine goes back into the ureter
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vesicuretral reflex
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uretrorenal reflex
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when a ureter is occluded, flow is stopped by constriction of the ureter
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how are micturation contractions intiated
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sensory stretch receptors in the bladder wall
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how is the external sphincer related to the micturation reflex
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when the pressure generate by the micturation reflex is too high and overcomes the external spincter - will induce urination
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how can higher brain centers prevent micturation
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tightening the external sphincter, or partially ihnibiting the micturation reflex
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voluntary urination starts with what muscle contraction
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abdominal
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destruction of what causes overflow incontienence
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afferents from bladder
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destruction of the what causes a fine micturation reflex but it is unable to be controlled
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spinal cord damage above the sacral region
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urinary excretion rate
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filtration rate - reabsorption + secretion
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electrolytes are usually absorbed or excreted in urine
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absorbed
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two advantages to having a high GFR
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rapidly remove waste products, and rapid continurous filtration of body plasma
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what is GFR determined by
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hydrostatic and osmotic forces acting on capillary membranes and the capillary filtration coefficient
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three parts of GFR membrane
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basement membrane, endothelium, podocytes
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how does basement membrane prevent plasma protein filtration
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high negative charge count associated with proteoglycans
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fun fact: negative charge of podocytes and proteogycans prevents the filtration of just about anything with a negative charge
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rack rack rack city bitch
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minimal change nephropathy
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loss of negative charge of basement membrane
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postrenal blockage can cause what to GFR
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decrease GFR by increasing intra bowmans capsule pressure
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what does inreasing the arterial colloid osmotic pressure do
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raises glomerular capillary osmotic pressure, decrease GFR
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glomerular hydrostatic pressure on GFR
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increase in hydrostatic pressure is an increase in GFR
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increased resistance on arteries does what to GFR
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lower
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what happens when efferent arterioles are constricted
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slight raise in GFR from increased hydrostatic pressure
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what happens if efferent arterioles are constricted too much
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rise in colloid osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure, decreases GFR
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donnan effect
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as a rapid non linear increase in the protein concentration, the collooid osmotic pressure rises
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renal oxygen consumption varies with what
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salt reabsorption
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renal blood flow is determined by
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pressure gradient across renal vasculature divided by the total renal vascular resistance
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process by which kidneys regulate blood flow
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autoregulation
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what effect do endothelin, epinephrine and noepinephrine have on GFR
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increase vascular tone, vasoconstrict, decrease GFR
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angiotensin II acts on what arterioles
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efferent
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prostaglandins and bradykinin on GFR
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increase
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glomerulotubular balance
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increase reabsorption when GFR rises
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function of macula densa
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sense changes in volume delivery to the distal tubule
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angiotensin II does what to efferent arterioles
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constricts, helps to prevent GFR from lowering
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ability of blood vessels to resist stretching
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myogenic mechanism
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high protein intake does what
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increases GFR and renal blood flow rate
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