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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Central Nervous Syste
(CNS) |
the brain and the spinal cord
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
*the somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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the Somatic Nervous System
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consists of the nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles
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the Autonomic Nervous System
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controls the heart, the intestines and other organs
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dorsal
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towards the back
"dorsal fin" is on a dolphins back |
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ventral
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means toward the stomach
"ventriliquist" means stomach talker |
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anterior
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toward the front end
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posterior
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toward the back end
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lateral
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toward the side
(latters lean against the side) |
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medial
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toward the middle/midline
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superior
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above another part
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inferior
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below another part
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proximal
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located close (apPROXimate) to the point of origin or attachment
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distal
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located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
(distant) |
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ipsilateral
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on the same side of the body
(2 parts of the left or 2 parts of the right) |
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contralateral
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on the opposite side of the body (one on the left one one the right)
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Coronal Plane
(or Frontal Plane) |
a plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front
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Sagittal Plane
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A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side (Sag/Side)
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Horizontal Plane
(or transverse plane) |
a plane that shows the brain structures as seen from above
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Lamina
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a row or layer of cell bodies seperated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
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column
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a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similiar properties
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tract
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a set of axons within the CNS, a.k.a. projection. If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses on the B, we say that the fibers "project" from A to B
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nerve
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a set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
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nucleus
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a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
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Ganglion
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a cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually OUTSIDE the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)
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Gyrus
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a protuberance on the surface of the brain
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Sulcus
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a fold or groove that seperates one gyrus from another
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fissure
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a long, deep sulcus
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Spinal Cord
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the part of the CNS found within the spinal column; it communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the leverl of the head
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spinal cord
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the part of the CNS found within the spinal column. it communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the head
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Bell-Magendie Law
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the entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information
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spinal cord gray matter
vs white matter |
the H shaped cross section in the center of the cord.
packed with dendrites and cell bodies white --> myelinated axons |
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2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
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1) sympathetic
2) parasympathetic |
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sympathetic nervous system
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a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activity. Extend from ganglia to the organs and activate them to 'fight or flight', inc. hxr and breath and dec. digestive activity
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parasympathetic nervous system
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facilitates vegetative, non emergency responses by the organs. decreases hxr and inc. digestive activity
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the hindbrain
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the posterior part of the brain
the medulla, the pons, and cerebellum |
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the medulla
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just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged elaborated extension of the spinal cord
controls vital reflexes (breathing, hxr, vomiting, salivation) damage = fatal |
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the cranial nerves
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control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs. include either or both sensory or motor components 12 pairs
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the brain stem
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the medulla, the pons, the midbrain and certain central structures of the forebrain
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what part of the brain?
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the hindbrain
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what part of the brain is this?
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the midbrain
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what part of the brain is this?
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forebrain
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the pons
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lies anterior (front end) and ventral (toward stomach) to the medulla. THE BRIDGE many axons cross from one side of brain to other. each side brain controls opposite side of muscles
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the reticular formation
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part of medulla and pons: has descending parts (control motor areas of spinal cord) and ascending parts (send output to cerebral cortex, inc. arousal and attention in an area
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the raphe system
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part of medulla and pons: sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli
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the cerebellum
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a large hindbrain structure with a great many deep folds. contributions to movement (balance and coordination)
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the MIDBRAIN
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middle of brain (surrounded by forebrain) contains: tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra
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tectum
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roof of the midbrain
contains 2 swellings on each side: superior and inferior colliculus which are important routes for sensory info |
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tegmentum
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under the tectum (rug), the intermediate level of the midbrain.
includes nuclei for 3rd and 4th cranial nerves, parts of reticular formation |
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substantia nigra
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gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway (deteriorates in Parkinson's disease)
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the FOREBRAIN
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the most anterior and most prominent part of the brain. 2 hemispheres (L/R) thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
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cerebral cortex/cerebrum
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the outer portion of the forebrain.
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what part of the brain is this?
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the medulla
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what part of the brain is this?
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the pons
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what part of the brain is this?
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the cerebellum
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what part of the brain is this?
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thalamus
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what part of the brain is this?
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the hypothalamus
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limbic system
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interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem. motivations and emotions (drinking, eating, sexual activity, anxiety)
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structures of the limbic system
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the olfactory bulb, the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
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thalamus
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a structure in the center of the forebrain. 2 'avocados' one in L-hem one in R-hem. most sensory info goes 1st here, then processed, and then sent to cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
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a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus. conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones.
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DAMAGE to the hypothalamus
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leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, sexual behavior, activity level
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pituitary gland
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an endocrine (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus. in response to messages from the hypothal. it synthesizes and realeases hormones into bloodstream
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basal ganglia
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a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, which include the caudate nucles, the putamen and the globus palidus. planning sequences of behavior/memory & emotional expression
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what part of the brain is this?
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the basal ganglia
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what part of the brain is this?
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the pituitary gland
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basal forebrain/
nucleus basalis |
lies on the dorsal surface of the forebrain. receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia & sends axons that release acetylocholine to areas in cereb. cortex
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DAMAGE to basal ganglia
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impaired movement, some depression, deficits in memory and reasoning and attentional disorders
(parkinsons and huntingtons disease) |
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DAMAGE to the basal forebrain
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a key part of wakefulness, arousal, and attention. damage means impairment of attention and intellect because of deterioration or inactivity (alzheimers)
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hippocampus "sea horse"
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a large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. critical for storing certain kinds of memories
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DAMAGE to hippocampus
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have trouble storing new memories but do not lose ones prior to the damage
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what part of the brain is this?
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the hippocampus
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central canal
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a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
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ventricles
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four fluid filled cavities within the brain
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cerebrospinal fluid
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both the central canal and the ventricles contain this blood plasma-like fluid. cushions the brain and helps support wt of brain. provides hormones and nutrition for bran and s.cord.
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meninges
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membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
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DAMAGE or ObSTRUCTED cerebrospinal fluid
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it accumulates in the vesicles and inc. pressures on the brain. in infants the skull bones may spread, causing an overgrown head
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corpus collosum
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part of the cerebral cortex. large set of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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anterior commissure
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same as corpus collosum but smaller
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laminae
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cerebral cortex contains 6 of these layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separted from each other by layers of fibers
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occipital lobe
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located at the posterior end of the cortex. PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX. destruction causes blindness
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parietal lobe
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between the occipital and central sulcus.
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temporal lobe
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the lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples. AUDITORY INFOMARTION
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the frontal lobe
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contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex, extends from central sulcus to anterior of the brain. containing primary MOTOR COTEX
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