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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A temporary myocardial ischemia, usually secondary to coronary atherosclerosis.
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Angina pectoris
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Prolonged myocardial ischemia, resulting in irreversible muscle damage or necrosis.
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Myocardial infarction
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Irritation of parietal pleura adjacent to the pericardium. (Sometimes the mechanism is unclear.)
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Pericarditis
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A splitting within the layers of the aortic wall, allowing passage of blood to dissect a channel.
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Dissecting aortic aneurysm
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Inflammation of trachea and large bronchi.
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Tracheobronchitis
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Inflammation of the parietal pleura, as in pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, or neoplasm.
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Pleuritic pain
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Inflammation of the esophageal mucosa by reflux of gastric acid.
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Reflex esophagitis
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Motor dysfunction of the esophageal muscle.
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Diffuse esophageal spasm
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Elevated pressure in pulmonary capillary bed with transudation of fluid into interstitial spaces and alveoli, decreased compliance of the lungs, increased work of breathing.
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Left-sided heart failure
(left vent. failure or mitral stenosis) |
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Excessive mucus production in bronchi, followed by chronic obstruction of the airways.
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Chronic bronchitis
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Overdistention of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, with destruction of alveolar septa and chronic obstruction of the airways.
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COPD
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Bronchial hyperresponsiveness involving release of inflammatory mediators, increased airway secretions, and bronchoconstriction.
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Asthma
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Abnormal and widespread infiltration of cells, fluid, and collagen into interstitial spaces between alveoli. (Many causes.)
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Diffuse interstitial lung diseases
(i.e. sarcoidosis, neoplasms, asbestosis, and isiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) |
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Leakage of air into pleural space through blebs on visceral pleura, with resulting partial or complete collapse of the lung.
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Spontaneous pneumothorax
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Sudden occlusion of all or part of pulmonary arterial tree by a blood clot that usually originates in deep veins of legs or pelvis.
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Acute pulmonary embolism
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Overbreathing, with resultant respiratory alkalosis and fall in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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Anxiety with hyperventilation
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COUGH - Dry cough (without sputum), may become productive of variable, often associated with nasopharyngitis.
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Laryngitis
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Dry cough, may become sputum productive, often with burning retrosternal discomfort.
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Tracheobronchitis
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Dry hacking cough, often becoming mucoid sputum productive, an acute febrile illness often with malaise, ha, and possibly dyspnea.
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Mycoplama and viral pneumonias
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Sputum mucoid or purulent (may be blood-streaked, diffusely pinkish, or rusty).
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Bacterial pneumonia (pneumococcal)
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Similar to pneumococcal, or sticky, red, and jelly like; typically in alcoholic men.
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Bacterial pneumonia (Klebsiella)
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Chronic cough, sputum mucoid or mucopurulent, constant clearing of the throat, associated with chronic rhinitis.
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Postnasal drip
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Chronic cough, sputum mucoid to purulent, may be blood-streaked or even bloody, often assoc. with long-time smoking.
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Chronic bronchitis
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Chronic cough; sputum purulent, often copious and foul-smelling; may be blood-streaked or bloody; recurrent bronchopulmonary infections common, sinusitis may exist.
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Bronchiectasis<BR>COUGH CHARACTERISTICS
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COUGH - Dry cough or sputum that is mucoid or purulent; may be blood-streaked or bloody. Early - no symptoms / Later - anorexia, fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss.
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Pulmonary TB
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Sputum purulent and foul-smelling; may be bloody; A febrile illness, sometimes assoc. with poor dental hygiene and a prior episode of impaired conciousness.
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Lung abcess
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Cough with thick mucoid sputum; episodic wheezing and dyspnea, but cough may occur alone, often accompanied by allergies.
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Asthma
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Chronic cough, especially at night or early morning; wheezing especially at night, often hx of heartburn and regurgitation.
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Gastroesophageal reflux
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Dry cough to productive; sputum may be blood-dtreaked or bloody; usually assoc. with long-term smoking.
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Lung cancer
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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COUGH - Often dry, especially on exertion or at night; may progress to the pink frothy sputum of pulm edema or to a frank hemoptysis; assoc with dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
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Left ventricular failure or Mitral stenosis<BR>COUGH CHARACTERISTICS
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COUGH - Dry to productive, may be dark, bright red, or mixed with blood; assoc. with dyspnea, anxiety, chest pain, fever, factors that predispose to deep vein thrombosis.
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Pulmonary emboli
COUGH CHARACTERISTICS |
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A process in which the alveoli fill with fluid, red cells, and white cells (often seen in pneumonia).
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Consolidation
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A sound which occurs when air flows rapidly through bronchi that are narrowed nearly to closure.
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Wheezing
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A wheeze that is entirely or predominantly inspiratory, often louder over the neck, indicates a partial obstruction of trachea or larynx; requires immed attention.
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Stridor
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A sound caused by inflamed and roughened pleural surfaces grating against each other.
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Pleural rub
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aka Hamman's sign
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aka Mediastinal crunch
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A series of precordial crackles synchronous with the heart beat, not with respiration. Best heard in the left lateral position, it is due to pneumomediastinum.
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Mediastinal crunch
aka Hamman's sign |
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Crackles heard during inspiration, usually fine, fairly profuse, appear first in base of lungs and spread up as cond worsens, and shift to dependent regions with changes in posture; causes include interstitial lung disease (i.e. fibrosis) and early congestive heart failure.
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Late inspiratory crackles
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Coarse crackes heard on inspiration, relatively few in numbers, sometimes assoc with expiratory crackles; causes include chronic bronchitis and asthma.
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Early inspiratory crackles
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Deformity in which the sternum is displaced anteriorly, costal cartilages adjacent to the sternum are depressed.
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Pigeon chest
aka Pectus carinatum |
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aka Funnel chest
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aka Pectus excavatum
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A deformity in which multiple rib fractures may result in paradoxical movements of the thorax; on inspiration the injured area caves inward, expiration moves out.
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Traumatic flail chest
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When a plug in a mainstem bronchus (mucus or foreign body) obstructs air flow, affected lung tissue collapses into a airless state.
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Atelectasis
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A condition when air leaks into the pleural space, usually unilaterally, the lung recoils from the chest wall. Pleural air blocks transmission of sound.
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Pneumothorax
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A condition when fluid accumulates in the pleural space, separates air-filled lung from the chest wall, blocking the transmission of sound.
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Pleural effusion
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