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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consciousness
|
as our awareness of ourselves and our
environment |
|
cognitive neuroscience
|
the interdisciplinary
study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). |
|
dual processing
|
the principle that
information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
|
blindsight
|
a condition in which a
person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
|
selective attention
|
the focusing of
conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. |
|
inattentional blindness
|
failing to see
visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
|
change blindness
|
failing to notice
changes in the environment. |
|
circadian rhythm
|
Our bodies roughly synchronize with
the 24-hour cycle of day and night by an internal biological clock |
|
REM sleep
|
rapid eye movement
sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. |
|
alpha waves
|
the relatively slow brain
waves of a relaxed, awake state. |
|
sleep
|
periodic, natural, reversible
loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. |
|
hallucinations
|
false sensory experiences,
such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |
|
delta waves
|
the large, slow brain
waves associated with deep sleep. |
|
insomnia
|
recurring problems in falling
or staying asleep. |
|
narcolepsy
|
a sleep disorder characterized
by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |
|
sleep apnea
|
a sleep disorder characterized
by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |
|
night terrors
|
a sleep disorder
characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. |
|
dream
|
a sequence of images, emotions,
and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. |
|
manifest content
|
according to
Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
|
latent content
|
according to Freud,
the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). |
|
REM rebound
|
the tendency for REM
sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). |
|
hypnosis
|
a social interaction in which
one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. |
|
posthypnotic suggestion
|
a suggestion,
made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. |
|
dissociation
|
a split in consciousness,
which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
|
psychoactive drug
|
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
moods. |
|
tolerance
|
the diminishing effect with
regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. |
|
addiction
|
compulsive drug
craving and use, despite adverse consequences. |
|
withdrawal
|
the discomfort and distress
that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |
|
physical dependence
|
a physiological
need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. |
|
psychological dependence
|
a psychological
need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. |
|
depressants
|
drugs (such as alcohol,
barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
|
alcohol dependence
|
(popularly
known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use. |
|
barbiturates
|
drugs that depress
central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. |
|
opiates
|
opium and its derivatives,
such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
|
stimulants
|
drugs (such as caffeine,
nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. |
|
amphetamines
|
drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing speeded - up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. |
|
nicotine
|
a stimulating and highly
addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco. |
|
methamphetamine
|
a powerfully
addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. |
|
Ecstasy
|
a synthetic stimulant
and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short - term health risks and longer - term harm to serotonin - producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |
|
hallucinogens
|
psychedelic (“mind -
manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
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LSD
|
a powerful hallucinogenic drug;
also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). |
|
near - death experience
|
an altered
state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to druginduced hallucinations. |
|
THC
|
the major active ingredient in
marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |