Philosophers

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Greek who said, "One cannot step into the same river twice". Argued fire as the fundamental substance in "On Nature".

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Heraclitus

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Student of Socrates. Wrote Protagoras, Parmenides, Symposium; his The Republic contains the Allegory of the Cave.

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Plato

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Scottish philosopher; wrote "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding". His "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion" features Demea, Philo, and Cleanthes debating God's existence.

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David Hume

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Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Founded the Lyceum in Athens. Wrote detailed works on zoology. His famed ethical theories claim that the goal of human life is eudaimonia (happiness), which is achieved by living with virtue.

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Aristotle

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French author of "The Birth of the Clinic", "Discipline and Punish", and "The History of Sexuality". His work, "The Order of Things" opens with an examination of Las Meninas.

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Michel Foucault

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Kicked out of Amsterdam's Jewish quarter for his pantheistic Ethics. Argued that the Torah was compiled rather than revealed to Moses in his "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus".

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Baruch Spinoza

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German who authored "The World as Will and Representation" and "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason".

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Arthur Schopenhauer

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Cynic who carried a lantern looking for an honest man. Student of Antisthenes who often slept in baths or under earthen jars. Allegedly told Alexander the Great to stop shading his sun.

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Diogenes

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German author of "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics".

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Immanuel Kant

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German who wrote "The Poverty of Historicism" and "The Open Society and its Enemies". Formulated Falsifiabilty.

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Karl Popper

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Danish philosopher who wrote "Fear and Trembling" and his "Either/Or" asks "what is a poet" in its Diapsalmata section.

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Soren Kierkegaard