Pharmacology Quiz Qs

Front 1

What is a pharmacopeia?

Back 1

A medical reference summary that indicates standards of drug purity, strength and direction of synthesis.

Front 2

The difference between therapeutic classification and pharmacologic classification is that therapeutic classification refers to a drug's _______

Back 2

Therapeutic classification refers to a drug's USE.

Front 3

The client is to receive sublingual nitroglycerin to treat chest pain. The nurse tells the client that a sublingual drug:

a. works by dissolution.
b. enters the blood stream directly.
c. takes several hours to be effective.
d. are toxic to the liver.

Back 3

Sublingual drugs enter the blood stream directly.

Front 4

Drugs that are given via the enteral route of administration utilize which system for delivery?

Back 4

Enteral route = via the digestive system

Front 5

A client who has kidney disease may have problems with which phase of drug movement?

a. Metabolism.
b. Excretion.
c. Distribution.
d. Absorption.

Back 5

a. Metabolism (Liver)

b. EXCRETION (KIDNEYS)

c. Distribution (Blood/Lymph)

d. Absorption

Front 6

Pediatric and geriatric clients may have altered sensitivity to drug therapy. This is due to:

a. reduced enzyme activity.
b. increased metabolic rates.
c. inactive life styles.
d. high percentage of body fat.

Back 6

reduced enzyme activity

Front 7

Which of the following will have the greatest effect on drugs excreted by the respiratory system?

a. High first pass effect.
b. Binding to plasma proteins.
c. Good blood flow to lung capillaries.
d. Drug solubility.

Back 7

Good blood flow to lung capillaries.

Front 8

Which of the following would cause a drug to be absorbed more quickly?

a. Large surface area of membrane.
b. Reduced binding to plasma proteins.
c. Reduced body temperature.
d. Presence of food in the digestive tract.

Back 8

a. Large surface area of membrane.

b. Reduced binding to plasma proteins.

Front 9

If the client is taking a drug with a short half-life you explain this by stating that half-life is the time it takes ________________.

Back 9

to remove half of the drug from the general circulation.

Front 10

A drug with a short half-life will be excreted quickly or slowly?

Back 10

Quickly.

Front 11

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is used to treat what?

Back 11

Alcoholism.

Front 12

When advising a client who has heart disease not to smoke, you know that the rationale is that nicotine causes the heart to __________.

Back 12

accelerate its rate.

Front 13

Client teaching regarding methylphenidate (Ritalin) would include which of the following:

a. methylphenidate (Ritalin) should be taken at bedtime to avoid insomnia.
b. if the child is over active it is ok to give an extra dose.
c. children on methylphenidate (Ritalin) should not eat chocolate.
d. there are no interactions between methyphenidate (Ritalin) and OTCs.

Back 13

Children on methylphenidate (Ritalin) should not eat chocolate.

Front 14

The following is true about the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Heart rate will ________, pupils will ________.

Back 14

Heart rate will increase, pupils will dilate.

Front 15

Adrenergic drugs may have which of the following "fight or flight" side effects?

a. Tachycardia and Hypotension.
b. Hypertension and Bradycardia.
c. Cardiac arrhythmias and Bradycardia.
d. Cardiac arrhythmias and Hypotension.

Back 15

Hypertension and Bradycardia.

Front 16

Atropine is used in pre-operative clients to achieve what?

Back 16

Decreased secretion of mucus membranes.

Front 17

In what condition would the administration of atropine be contraindicated?

Back 17

Glaucoma.

Front 18

The primary use of beta 1 blockers is to treat:

Back 18

Hypertension

Front 19

Prior to starting any anticholinergic drug the nurse should assess the client for what?

Back 19

Difficulty urinating.

Front 20

The parasympathetic nervous system produces which of the following?
a. Rest and relaxation response.
b. Fight or flight response.

Back 20

PARASYMPATHETIC = Rest and Relaxation

SYMPATHETIC (Sympathetic to situation) = Fight or Flight

Front 21

When giving intravenous barbiturates you would monitor the client for ___________.

Back 21

Respiratory depression.

Front 22

Epilepsy is a condition characterized by:

a. high blood pressure and vasoconstriction.
b. abnormal discharges within the brain.
c. proteinuria and edema in the brain.
d. tremors, confusion and disorientation.

Back 22

abnormal discharges within the brain.

Front 23

Which of the following types of seizures occur most often in children?

a. Atonic.
b. Myclonic.
c. Absence.
d. Complex partial.

Back 23

Absence.

Front 24

All three categories of seizure drugs work by effecting:

a. nutrient and mineral balance.
b. rate of glucose metabolism.
c. protein levels.
d. coagulation factors.

Back 24

nutrient and mineral balance.

Front 25

When caring for a client who is taking phenytoin (Dilantin) you would include which of the following interventions in your plan of care?

a. Good pulmonary care.
b. Assessment for depression.
c. Attention to oral hygiene.
d. Monitoring for conjunctivitis.

Back 25

Attention to oral hygiene.

Front 26

One of the major side effects of antipsychotic drugs is extrapyramidal effect. Which of the following are symptoms of this?

a. Tremors and involuntary repetitive movements.
b. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping.
c. Lethargy and Bradycardia.
d. Insomnia and increased muscle tone.

Back 26

Tremors and involuntary repetitive movements.

Front 27

Which of the following symptoms would be found in a client with Parkinson's disease?

a. Bradykinesia and flaccidity of muscles.
b. Tremor, muscle rigidity and weakness.
c. Hyperkinesis and rigidity of muscles.
d. Spasticity and bradykinesia.

Back 27

Tremor, muscle rigidity and weakness.

Front 28

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease are thought to be caused by which of the following?

a. Destruction of the neurotansmitter dopamine.
b. Autoimmune effect on ACTH receptor sites.
c. Increase production of dopamine.
d. An inability to utilize dopamine.

Back 28

Destruction of the neurotansmitter dopamine.

Front 29

The focus of anti-parkinson drug therapy is to:

a. produce extrapyramidal effects.
b. stimulate release of acetylcholine.
c. decrease breakdown of dopamine in the limbs.
d. restore balance of dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain.

Back 29

restore balance of dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain.

Front 30

Clients with Alzheimer's disease have which of the following changes in brain function?

a. Loss of cholinergic brain function.
b. Hyperactive cholinergic brain function
c. Increased dopamine loss.
d. Breakdown of cells in the cerebellum.

Back 30

Loss of cholinergic brain function.

Front 31

formulary

Back 31

lists of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists

Front 32

pathophysiology

Back 32

the study of diseases and the functional changes occurring in the body as a result of diseases

Front 33

pharmaceutics

Back 33

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs

Front 34

pharmacology

Back 34

the study of medicines, the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve the health of the human body

Front 35

pharmacotherapeutics

Back 35

treatment of diseases by the use of drugs

Front 36

Four stages of approval for therapeutic and biologic drugs

Back 36

1. Preclinical investigation

2. Clinical investigation

3. Submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) with review

4. Post-marketing surveillance

Front 37

Stage 1 of new drug approval process by FDA

Back 37

Pre-clinical investigation- basic scientific research involving laboratory culturing and animal testing to determine drug dosage effectiveness and potential adverse effects.

Front 38

Stage 2 of new drug approval process by FDA

Back 38

Clinical investigation- involves CLINICAL PHASE TRIALS (longest part of drug approval process). Clinical pharmacologists perform tests on volunteers and large groups of selected clients with certain diseases. Scientists and practitioners establish drug doses and identify adverse effects. Clinical investigators address concerns such as drug-drug interactions, drug-other disease interactions, effectiveness between one type of client and another, etc.

Front 39

Stage 3 of new drug approval process by FDA

Back 39

Submission and review of New Drug Application (NDA)- Clinical Phase III trials and more animal testing may continue if needed. If NDA approved - move to stage 4. If NDA rejected- process stops until concerns are addressed.

Front 40

Stage 4 of new drug approval process by FDA

Back 40

Post-marketing surveillance- PURPOSE: to check for any new harmful effects that may appear when the drug is used in a larger and more diverse population. If serious adverse effects appear, drug is recalled.

Front 41

Division of FDA responsible for regulation of therapeutic Rx and OTC drugs

Back 41

CDER- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

Front 42

Division of FDA responsible for regulation of use of Biologics

Back 42

CBER- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research

Front 43

Biologics

Back 43

Chemical Agents that produce biological responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms. Ex: Hormones, vaccines, animal products.

Front 44

Three drug classifications

Back 44

TRADITIONAL DRUGS- chemically-produced, synthesized in a laboratory.

BIOLOGICS- naturally-produced, made by the body's cells & microorganisms, associated with the bloodstream (ex: hormones, vaccines, animal products)

NATURAL/ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES- extracted from a natural source (ex: herbs, vitamins, minerals)

Front 45

Bioavailability

Back 45

The ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues

Front 46

Chemical Name

Back 46

Strict Chemical Nomenclature used for naming drugs, established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Front 47

Combination Drug

Back 47

A drug product with more than one active generic ingredient

Front 48

Controlled Substance

Back 48

Drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

Front 49

Generic Name

Back 49

Nonproprietary name of a drug, assigned by the government

Front 50

Pharmacological Classification

Back 50

Organization of drugs on the basis of their MECHANISM OF ACTION. (Ex: diuretics [cause diuresis] calcium channel blockers, sympatholytics [block stress-related activity], vasodilators, etc)

Front 51

Mechanism of Action

Back 51

The method in which a drug exerts its therapeutic effects

Front 52

Therapeutic Classification

Back 52

Organization of drugs on the bases of their THERAPEUTIC USEFULNESS. (Ex: anticoagulants, antihypertensives, antidysrhythmics, antianginals, antihyperlipidemics)

Front 53

Trade name

Back 53

Proprietary (owner) name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; aka BRAND name or PRODUCT name

Front 54

Physical Dependence

Back 54

Altered physical condition caused by the nervous system's adaptation to repeated drug use- person experiences physical signs of discomfort (withdrawal) when drug is no longer used.

Front 55

Psychological Dependence

Back 55

Strong, compulsive feeling of need to continue drug use; little or no signs of physical discomfort with discontinuance of drug.

Front 56

Scheduled drugs

Back 56

Drugs that are classified according to their potential for abuse.

Front 57

Schedule I Drugs
Schedule II Drugs
Schedule III Drugs
Schedule IV Drugs
Schedule V Drugs

Back 57

SCHEDULE I- highest potential for abuse, little to no therapeutic value (ex: heroin, LDS, marijuana),

SCHEDULE II- high potential (ex: morphine, cocaine, methadone)

SCHEDULE III- moderate potential (ex: anabolic steroids, codiene, hydrocodone [Vicodin]

SCHEDULE IV- lower potential (ex: Valium, Xanax)

SCHEDULE V- lowest potential (ex: OTC cough meds with codeine)

Front 58

Enteral route

Back 58

Drug administration through the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 59

Parenteral route

Back 59

Drug administration through the a way other than the digestive tract (usually injection).

Front 60

Intraarterial route

Back 60

Method of parenteral drug delivery where drugs are injected into the arterial circulation.

Front 61

Intradermal route

Back 61

Method of parenteral drug delivery where drugs are injected into the dermis of the skin.

Front 62

Intraperitoneal route

Back 62

Method of parenteral drug delivery where drugs are injected into the abdominal cavity.

Front 63

Intrathecal route

Back 63

Method of parenteral drug delivery where drugs are injected into the spinal subarachnoid space.

Front 64

Topical route

Back 64

Drug administration by which drugs are placed directly onto the skin and mucous membranes.

Front 65

Hypodermis is _______

Back 65

HYPODERMIS is directly under the epidermal layer of skin. (SubQ injections)

Front 66

Dermis is _______

Back 66

DERMIS is the layer of skin lying immediately under the epidermis, consists of papillary and reticular layers. (Intradermal injections)

Front 67

Subarachnoid space is _______

Back 67

SUBARACHNOID SPACE is the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid, containing the cerebrospinal fluid. (Intrathecal injections)

Front 68

Transmucosal route

Back 68

Method of topical drug delivery where drugs are applied directly to mucosal membranes, including the nasal and respiratory pathways and reproductive openings.

Front 69

Transdermal route

Back 69

Method of topical drug delivery, usually by a patch, where drugs are absorbed across the layers of the skin for the purpose of entering the bloodstream.

Front 70

Solubility is _________
Dissolution is _________

Back 70

SOLUBILITY is the ability to dissolve or mix.

DISSOLUTION is the dissolving process of solid drug preparations; the longer it takes for drugs to dissolve, the more delayed their onset of action.

Front 71

Epidural route

Back 71

Method of parenteral drug delivery where drugs are injected into the space overlying the dura mater.

Front 72

Dura mater is _____

(Subdural space is _____)

Arachnoid membrane is _____

(Subarachnoid space is _____)

Pia mater is _____

Back 72

DURA MATER is the outermost of the meninges covering the spinal cord and brain.

(Subdural space is the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.)

ARACHNOID is the intermediate membrane of the meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord.

(Subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, containing the CSF.)

PIA MATER is the innermost of the meninges covering the spinal cord and brain.

Front 73

Viscosity

Back 73

Thickness of a liquid

Front 74

Types of ENTERAL drug administration

Back 74

ORAL (PO)- by mouth

BUCCAL- Across membranes of the mouth (cheek)

SUBLINGUAL (SL)- under the tongue

RECTAL (PR)- by suppositories or enema

Front 75

Types of PARENTERAL drug administration
IV
IA
IC

Card 1 of 3

Back 75

INTRAVENOUS (IV)- into the venous circulation

INTRA-ARTERIAL (IA)- into the arterial circulation

INTRACORONARY (IC)- into the coronary circulation

Front 76

Types of PARENTERAL drug administration
SQ
ID
IM
Intraosseous

Card 2 of 3

Back 76

SUBCUTANEOUS (SQ)- under the skin; into the hypodermis

INTRADERMAL (ID)- into the dermis of the skin; intracutaneous

INTRAMUSCULAR (IM)- into the muscles

INTRAOSSEOUS- into the bone

Front 77

Types of PARENTERAL drug administration
Epidural
IT
IP
Intrasynovial

Card 3 of 3

Back 77

EPIDURAL- into the space overlying the dura mater

INTRATHECAL (IT)- into the spinal subarachnoid space

INTRAPERITONEAL (IP)- into the abdominal cavity

INTRASYNOVIAL- into the joint

Front 78

Types of TOPICAL drug administration

Transcutaneous
Transdermal

Card 1 of 2

Back 78

TRANSCUTANEOUS- Across the skin

TRANSDERMAL- Across the dermis

Front 79

Types of TOPICAL drug administration

Transmucosal
Opthalmic
Otic
Vaginal
Intrauterine

Card 2 of 2

Back 79

TRANSMUCOSAL- across mucous membranes

OPTHALMIC- onto membranes of the eyes

OTIC- onto membranes of the deeper ear

VAGINAL- onto membranes of the vagina

INTRAUTERINE- onto membranes of the uterine lining

Front 80

Agonists

Back 80

Drugs that are capable of binding with receptors in order to induce a cellular response

Front 81

Antagonists

Back 81

Drugs that block the response of another drug

Front 82

Biotransformation

Back 82

The metabolism or chemical conversion of drugs from one form to another that may result in increased or decreased activity

Front 83

Blood-brain barrier

Back 83

An anatomical structure that prevents some substances from gaining access into the brain

Front 84

Blood-placental barrier

Back 84

An anatomical structure that prevents some substances from moving into the bloodstream of the fetus

Front 85

Blood-testicular barrier

Back 85

An anatomical structure that prevents some substances from entering male reproductive tissue

Front 86

Absorption

Back 86

The process of moving a drug across body membranes

Front 87

Distribution

Back 87

The process of transporting drugs through the body

Front 88

Efficacy

Back 88

The effectiveness of a drug in producing a more intense response as its concentration is increased

Front 89

Enterohepatic
recirculation

Back 89

Recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation fo bile through the intesting and liver

Front 90

Excretion

Back 90

The process of removing substances from the body

Front 91

First-pass effect

Back 91

The initial metabolism in the LIVER of an (enteral) drug absorbed from the GI tract, rendering it less bioavailable before it reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.

Parenteral drugs bypass liver which prevents first-pass effect.

Front 92

Half-life

Back 92

The time it takes for one-half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed; a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body.

Front 93

Synergistic effect

Back 93

A drug interaction that results from combined drug effects that are greater than the effect achieved if the drugs were given alone.

Front 94

Contraindication

Back 94

Any symptom or circumstance that makes treatment with a drug unsafe or inappropriate

Front 95

Iatrogenic
hazard

Back 95

Any potential or actual patient harm that is caused by errant actions of health care staff members

Front 96

Onset of Action

Back 96

Time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 97

Peak effect

Back 97

Time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

Front 98

Receptor

Back 98

The structural component on the outer surface of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner in order to produce a response.

Front 99

Rate of Elimination

Back 99

The amount of drug removed from the body during a specified period of time.

Front 100

Prodrugs

Back 100

Drugs that become more active after they are metabolized; an inactive drug form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochem rxns in the body (often more readily absorbable than its active metabolite).

Front 101

Potency

Back 101

The power or strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose.

Front 102

METABOLITE

Active Metabolite

Inactive Metabolite

Back 102

METABOLITE- A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical metabolic rxns involving the parent drug.

ACTIVE METABOLITES- metabolites that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive

INACTIVE METABOLITES- lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awating excretion from the body

Front 103

Parent Drug

Back 103

The chemical form of a drug that is admin to the body before it is metabolized by the body's biochem rxns into its active or inactive metabolites.

A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is a PRODRUG.

Front 104

Substrate

Back 104

A substance (ex: drug or natural biochemical in the body) on which an enzyme acts

Front 105

Therapeutic
index

Back 105

The difference between the minimum therapeutic and toxic concentrations of a drug. If the therapeutic index is narrow, the range btw the therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations is small.

Front 106

Enzyme

Back 106

A protein molecule that catalyzes one or more of a variety of biochem rxns.

Front 107

Duration of Action

Back 107

The length of time that a drug concentration in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Front 108

Palliative
Therapy

Back 108

Aka Comfort care, used in the end stages of an illness when all possible therapy has failed.

Ex: high-dose opioid analgesics in end-stage cancer
Ex: O2 in end-stage pulmonary disease

Front 109

Supportive
Therapy

Back 109

Recovery care, maintains the integrity of body functions while pt is recovering.

Ex: Fluids & electrolytes to prevent dehydration in an influenze pt with vomiting & diarrhea

Front 110

Polypharmacy

Back 110

The use of many different drugs in tx of a pt who may have one to several health problems.

Front 111

PREGNANCY Category A

Back 111

Studies indicate no risk to the human fetus.

Front 112

PREGNANCY Category B

Back 112

Studies indicate no risk to the animal fetus; information is not available for humans.

Front 113

PREGNANCY Category C

Back 113

Adverse effects reported in animal fetus; information is not available for humans.

Front 114

PREGNANCY Category D

Back 114

Possible fetal risk in humans reported. However, considering potential benefit vs. risk may warrant the use of these drugs in pregnant women.

Front 115

PREGNANCY Category X

Back 115

Fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies. These drugs should not be used in pregnant women.

Front 116

Fetus is at greatest risk during
the ____ trimester because ____.

The greatest percentage of maternally absorbed drugs gets to the fetus during
the ____ trimester because ____.

Back 116

First; The fetus undergoes rapid cell proliferation during this time and the skeleton, muscles, limbs, and organs are developing at their most rapid rate.

Last; Drug can most easily cross the placenta due to enhanced blood flow to the fetus, increased fetal surface area, and an increased amount of free drug in the mother's circulation.

Front 117

5 Rights of
Medication
Administration

Back 117

Right PATIENT
Right DRUG
Right DOSAGE
Right ROUTE
Right TIME

(6th Right for Parenterally Administered Meds: Right LOCATION)

Front 118

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Beneficence

Back 118

Beneficence- Duty of a healthcare provider to actively promote GOOD and best serve the patient.

Front 119

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Justice

Back 119

Justice- Duty of a healthcare provider to be fair or equal in one's actions; includes the fair distribution of resources for the care of the pt and determination of when to treat.

Front 120

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Nonmaleficence

Back 120

Nonmaleficence- Duty of a healthcare provider to do no harm to a client; includes avoiding doing any deliberate harm while rendering care.

Front 121

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Veracity

Back 121

Veracity- Duty of a healthcare provider to tell the truth; includes telling the truth with regards to placebos, investigational new drugs, and informed consent.

Front 122

Amphetamines

Back 122

Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system

Front 123

Enuresis

Back 123

Urinary incontinence

Front 124

Narcotic

Back 124

Agent that produces insensibility or stupor (narcosis); applies most commonly to the opioid analgesics

Front 125

Somatic pain

Back 125

SOMATIC PAIN originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, and joints.

Front 126

Visceral pain

Back 126

VISCERAL PAIN originates from organs and smooth muscles.

Front 127

Superficial pain

Back 127

SUPERFICIAL PAIN originates from the skin and mucous membranes.

Front 128

Central pain

Back 128

CENTRAL PAIN results from any disorder that causes CNS damage.

Front 129

Acute pain

Back 129

ACUTE PAIN is SUDDEN in onset, usually subsides when treated, and typically occurs over less than a 3-month period.

Front 130

Chronic pain

Back 130

CHRONIC PAIN is PERSISTENT or RECURRING pain that is often difficult to treat, and typically lasts longer than 3 months.

Front 131

Neuropathic pain

Back 131

NEUROPATHIC PAIN results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve.

Front 132

Vascular pain

Back 132

VASCULAR PAIN results from a pathology of the vascular or perivasscular tissues.

Front 133

Referred pain

Back 133

REFERRED PAIN occurs in an area away from the organ of origin.

Front 134

Psychogenic pain

Back 134

PSYCHOGENIC PAIN is psychologic in nature but is truly real pain in terms of actual pain impulses that travel through nerve cells.

Front 135

Pain threshold

Back 135

PAIN THRESHOLD is the level of stimulus that results in the perception of pain.

Front 136

Pain tolerance

Back 136

PAIN TOLERANCE is the amount of pain a patient can endure without it interfering with normal function.