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60 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Absorption |
The uptake of essential nutrients and drugs in the blood stream; takes place in small intestine |
Takes place in the blood stream |
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Addiction |
A dependence characterized by a (perceived) need to take a drug to attain the psychological and physical effects of mood-altering substances |
Perceived need |
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Affinity |
The strength by which a particular chemical messenger brings to its receptor site on a cell |
Strength |
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Agonist |
A drug that binds to a particular receptor site and triggers the cell's response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger |
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Allergen |
A substance that produces an allergic response |
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Allergic response |
An instance in which the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance |
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Anaphylactic reaction |
A severe allergic response resulting in immediate life-threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by a vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by hives |
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Angioedema |
Swelling under the skin that can be a life-threatening allergic reaction, manifested by a swelling of the tongue, lips, or eyes |
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Antagonist |
A drug that binds to a receptor site and blocks the action of the endogenous messenger or other drugs |
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Antigen |
A foreign substance or toxin introduced into the body that stimulates an immune response |
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Bioavailability |
The fraction of drug made available at the site of physiological activity |
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Blood-brain barrier |
A barrier that prevents many substances from entering the CSF from the blood |
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Ceiling effect |
A point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage of a drug |
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Clearance |
The rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time |
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Competitive inhibition |
A process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug; can usually be overcome by increasing the dosage of the drug |
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Complete inhibition |
A state in which a drug cannot be metabolized by a person's body, regardless of the dosage |
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Contraindication |
A disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial and may do harm |
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Cytochrome P-450 |
A system of enzymes that plays a key role in oxidizing drugs and other substances |
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Dependence |
A state in which a person's body had adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug and cannot function without it |
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Distribution |
The process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action |
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Dosage |
The specific amount, dose, number, and dose frequency of administered drug |
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Dose |
The quantity of a drug administered at 1 time |
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Dose-response curve |
The visual chart of how a drug reaches a point where a larger dose reaches its ceiling effect |
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Duration of action |
The lenghth if time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level |
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Elimination |
Removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion |
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Endogenous chemical messengers |
Chemical messengers that originate within the body |
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First-order |
Depending directly on the concentration of the drug; elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time |
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First-pass effect |
The extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation |
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Half-life |
The time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body at any time; written as t1/2 |
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Homeostasis |
Stability of the organism |
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Idiosyncratic reaction |
An unusual or unexpected response to a drug that is related to the dose given |
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Indications |
The common intended uses of the drug to treat specific diseases, symptoms, or conditions |
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Induction |
The process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug |
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Inhibition |
The process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug |
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Interaction |
A change in the action of a drug calls by another drug, of food, or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine |
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Lipid |
A fatty molecule, that us an important constituent if cell membranes; includes natural oils, waxes, and steroids |
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Loading dose |
Amount of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level |
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Local effect |
In action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body |
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Maintenance dose |
Amount of a drug and administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level |
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Metabolic pathway |
The sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite |
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Metabolism |
The process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds |
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Metabolite |
Acceptance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body |
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Noncompetitive inhibition |
A process where by a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug, leading to complete inhibition |
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Pharmacokinetic modeling |
A method of mathematically describing the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug within the body |
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Pharmacokinetics |
Individualized doses of drugs based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, in elimination of drugs from the body |
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Precaution |
A disease, symptom, or condition for which the drug will not be beneficial and may do harm |
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Prophylaxis |
Effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease |
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Pruritus |
Itching sensation |
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Receptor |
Protein molecule on the surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, thereby producing some effect within the cell membrane |
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Side effect |
A secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended |
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Solubility |
A drugs ability to dissolve in body fluids |
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Specifity |
The property of a receptor site that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger; to bind with a specific cell type, the messenger must have a chemical structure that is complementary to the structure of that cell's receptors |
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Systemic effect |
The distribution of a drug that has a generalized, all-inclusive effect on the body |
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Therapeutic effect |
The desired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular disease state or symptom |
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Therapeutic level |
The amount of drug in a patient's blood at which beneficial effects occur |
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Therapeutic range |
The optimum dosage, providing the best chance for successful therapy; dosing below this range has little effect on the healing process, while overdosing can lead to toxicity and death |
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Tolerance |
A decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered |
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Urticaria |
Hives, itching sensation |
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Wheals |
Slightly elevated, red areas on the body surface |
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Zero-order |
Not depending on the concentration if the drug in the body; elimination of alcohol is a zero-order process in which a constant quantity of the drug is removed per unit of time |
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