Pharmacology Chapter 9 - Cardiovascular System Antihypertensive Drugs

Front 1

What is hypertension

Back 1

Hypertension is high blood pressure it is a disorder in which the patient's blood pressure is constantly elevated above normal values

Front 2

What are the two types of hypertension?

Back 2

Primary hypertension

Secondary hypertension

Front 3

Name some of the organs that hypertension can cause damages to

Back 3

The heart

The kidneys, and

The Brain

Front 4

Is the exact cause of hypertension known or unknown?

Back 4

Unknown

Front 5

Name the risk factors that can lead to hypertension

Back 5

1. Family history of high blood pressure

2. Being African-American

3.Overweight

4. Obesity

5. Physical inactivity

6. Cigarette smoking

7. Exposure to second hand smoking

8. Too much alcohol consumption

Front 6

Name the type of persons and their conditions who are at a higher risk for high blood pressure

Back 6

1. Diabetics

2. People with elevated blood lipid levels/Cholesterol

3. People with kidney diseases

Front 7

What is a normal blood pressure

Back 7

120 / 80

Front 8

What is the range for elevated blood pressure

Back 8

120-129 mm of mercury systolic and less than 80 diastolic

Front 9

What is the range for stage 1 hypertension and Stage 2 hypertension

Back 9

Stage one is 130-139 mm of mercury systolic and 80 to 89 mm of mercury diastolic

Stage 2 is above 140 mm of mercury systolic or greater than 90 mm of mercury diastolic

Front 10

The word prehypertension has been eliminated in favor of a more accurate term what is that term

Back 10

Elevated blood pressure

Front 11

The choices of how drugs are prescribed for hypertension depends on the following factors

Back 11

1. Patient's age

2. Patients race

3. Whether the patient has diabetes or 4. Whether the patient has chronic kidney disease

Front 12

Name some of the recommended lifestyle changes for patients with high blood pressure

Back 12

1. Stop smoking

2. Eat a well-balanced diet

3. Decrease sodium intake

4. Reduce stress

5. Maintain a healthy weight

6. 40 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 3 to 4 times each week

7. Limit alcohol to no more than two drinks per day for men and one drinks per day for women

8. Avoid all over the counter drugs that can raise blood pressure

Front 13

Non-african-americans patients are typically treated with this type of antihypertensive drug

Back 13

Thiazide diuretics

Front 14

These two other antihypertensive drug is given as a combination with thiazide diuretics to non-african-american patients?

Back 14

1. Angiotensin-converting inhibitors (ACE-Is)

2. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Front 15

African Americans are given these types of antihypertensive drugs only

Back 15

1. Thiazide diuretics and

2. Calcium channel blockers

Front 16

ACE-Is and ARBs are mostly used for these patients?

Back 16

1. Patients with diabetes

2. Patients with chronic kidney disease

Front 17

Name all the drugs that are used for the management of high blood pressure

Back 17

1. Beta blockers

2. Alpha blockers

3. Alpha 2 Agonist

4. Combined Alpha and beta blockers 5. Vasodilators

6. Diuretics

7. Calcium Channel Blockers

Front 18

When administering an antihypertensive drug the nurse notices that the patient has a blood pressure measurement that is lower than 90/60 what should the nurse do?

Back 18

Withhold the blood pressure drugs and notify the healthcare provider

Front 19

How often should a nurse monitor a patient that is on antihypertensive drugs?

Back 19

Every 4 to 8 hours or as needed

Front 20

What vitamin is carefully monitored with a person that is on antihypertensive drugs and why

Back 20

Potassium

Why? Because diuretics cause potassium wasting

Front 21

A nurse is discharging a patient who has high blood pressure and has a history of alcoholism what should the nurse teach this patient?

Back 21

To avoid alcohol because it can cause hypertension in patients were on blood pressure drugs

Alcohol is a diuretic so it will lower the person's blood pressure and cause hypotension

Front 22

A nurse is discharging an older adult patient who has high blood pressure and is on antihypertensive drugs what should the nurse teach this patient

Back 22

That they are at risk for falls due to hypostatic hypertension causedfrom the drug lowering the blood pressure

Front 23

What are some of the LAB Works done on patients on antihypertensive drugs and why?

Back 23

Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels and serum sodium and potassium concentration

Why? Potassium lab work is done because antihypertensive drugs especially diuretics will lower potassium levels in the body and a BUN and creatinine test should be done to ensure that the kidney is in good and perfect order

Front 24

What are the five main categories of antihypertensive drugs?

Back 24

1. Diuretics

2. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (R.A.A.S)

3. Calcium channel blockers

4. Adrenergic agents

5. Vasodialators

Front 25

How does diuretics help to lower blood pressure?

Back 25

By producing sodium and water loss thereby reducing the fluid volume

Front 26

How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system helps to lower blood pressure?

Back 26

By decreasing vasoconstriction and decreasing the fluid volume

Front 27

Name the drugs that falls on the category of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Back 27

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Front 28

How does calcium channel blockers decrease blood pressure?

Back 28

By relaxing the vascular smooth muscles in the coronary and systemic arteries which leads to decrease in peripheral resistance

Front 29

How does adrenergic agents help to lower blood pressure

Back 29

By stopping epinephrine and norepinephrine thereby decreasing vasoconstriction and contractility of the heart

Front 30

In which system is norepinephrine and epinephrine found?

Back 30

Nervous system

Front 31

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as

Back 31

Neurotransmitters

Front 32

Name the type of adrenergic agents used for as an antihypertensive drug

Back 32

1. Beta blockers (selective and non selective)

2. Alpha 1 antagonists

3. Alpha 2 agonists

4. Combined Alpha and beta antagonist

Front 33

How does vasodialators directly lower blood pressure

Back 33

They affect the venous and arterial system to decrease peripheral resistance

Front 34

Which antihypertensive drug category decrease peripheral resistance?

Back 34

1. Calcium Channel Blockers

2. Vasodialators

Front 35

How is angiotensin 1 produced?

Back 35

By the hormone renin

Front 36

Angiotensin I is converted to ?

Back 36

Angiotensin II

Front 37

What is the name of the enzyme that converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin II?

Back 37

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Front 38

Which angiotensin hormone causes vasoconstriction?

Back 38

Angiotensin II

Front 39

Name the roles of angiotensin II?

Back 39

1. Vasoconstriction

2. Stimulate the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion

Front 40

When a person blood pressure drops what does aldosterone do?

Back 40

Increase water and sodium reabsorption and raise the blood pressure back to normal

Front 41

How are ACE inhibitors used to lower blood pressure?

Back 41

To prevent angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II because angiotensin II is the hormone that causes vasoconstriction which will increase BP -

it also prevents angiotensin II from stimulating the hormone aldosterone that will raise the sodium and water by reabsorption in the kidney

Front 42

What is the suffix for Ace drugs

Back 42

Pril

Front 43

What is the suffix for Arbs drugs

Back 43

Sartan

Front 44

What is the role of calcium ions?

Back 44

Contraction of heart and vascular smooth muscles

Front 45

When does calcium makes the heart and vascular muscles relax?

Back 45

After every contraction calcium leaves the Heart and Vascular muscles which causes it to relax

Front 46

How does calcium channel blockers lower blood pressure

Back 46

By lowering the effect of calcium in the heart muscle and in the smooth muscles of the arteries. They do this by slowing down the flow of calcium ions which allows the heart and arteries to relax

Front 47

What conditions can calcium channel blockers treat

Back 47

● (Dysrhythmia) Abnormal heart rhythms

● High blood pressure

● Angina

Front 48

Why are calcium channel blockers use for dysrhythmias?

Back 48

They slow down the floor of electricity through the cardiac conduction system

Front 49

What is the most common side effect of calcium channel blockers?

Back 49

Fluid retention

Front 50

What patients should not receive cardio calcium channel blockers,and why?

Back 50

Patients with heart failure

Why because if the electrical conduction of the heart is slowing down by calcium channel blockers given a patient this drug will help to kill them faster

Front 51

What is the suffix for calcium channel blocker drugs

Back 51

Dipine

Front 52

What is the meaning of first dose effect in Pharmacology?

Back 52

It means that a drug can cause lightheadedness dizziness or syncope which is fainting which means that the person can be at a risk for falling

Front 53

The side effects of ACE inhibitors

Back 53

■ Dizziness

■ Hyperkalemia

■ Dry cough

■ Angioedema

Front 54

Why does ACE Inhibitors cause hyperkalemia

Back 54

Because Angiotensin 2 is blocked it prevents aldosterone from secreting and aldosterone is the primary player in pushing potassium out of the body therefore if aldosterone is inhibited high levels of potassium will build up in the blood

Front 55

Why does ACE Inhibitors cause a dry cough

Back 55

Because it stimulates the inflammatory process of bradykinins and bradykines primarily cause a person to cough as a response to an inflammatory process

Front 56

Why does ACE Inhibitors cause angioedema

Back 56

Because Bradykinins is increased in the blood when when Angiotensin 2 is blocked bradykinins cause swelling off the tongue the face and the mouth and the eyes and a severe cough

Front 57

Name the signs of angioedema

Back 57

Swelling of the eyes mouth face or tongue