Pharmacology

Front 1

Drug

Back 1

Any chemical that can affect living processes

Front 2

Pharm

Back 2

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

Front 3

Clinical Pharm

Back 3

Study of drugs in HUMANS

Front 4

Theraputics

Back 4

Use of drugs, to diagose, prevent or treat disease or PREVENT pregnancy

Front 5

Properies of Ideal Drug

Back 5

1. effective-elict response for why it is given

2. Safety-not many drugs are safe.

3. Selectivity-drugs that only give response to which is given. (no side effect) no such thing.

Front 6

Other factors that our properties

Back 6

1. reversible
2. chemical stability
3. Ease of Adminstration
4. Low Cost
5. Predictabilty
6. Freedom from drug reactions.
7. Possession of simple generic name.

Front 7

What is a theraputic objective

Back 7

drug to provide max benefit w/ minimal harm

Front 8

Factors that determine drug response

Back 8

1. Primary-adminstration-drug errors

2. Pharmakenetics-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
3. Pharmadynamics-impact of drugs on the body-drug receptor interaction, placebo, pt functional state

Front 9

What is assesssment?

Back 9

Pt interview, physical exam, halth histories, lab tests, observations

Front 10

What is analysis?

Back 10

Analysis of actual or potential health problems. Do nursing diagnoses.

Front 11

Nursing Diagnose

Back 11

statement of patients health problem related to probable cause or risk factors

Front 12

Planning

Back 12

Specific interventions directed at solving problems identified. Nursing interventions and HP inteventions put together.

Front 13

Implementation

Back 13

Begins with carring out interventions planned

Front 14

Evaluation

Back 14

Determine degree to which succeeded.

Front 15

Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Back 15

all drugs be free of adulterants.

Front 16

Food drug and Cosmetic Act

Back 16

1938. People died using antibodic. This made an issue that all drugs needed to go through FDA.

Front 17

Harris-Kefauver Amendment

Back 17

1962 Passed 3 things:

1. All drugs had to show effectiveness.

2. Drugs approved from 1932 go through testing

3. Need to have rigous testing on all medicatoins.

Front 18

Controlled Substances Act

Back 18

Standards for drugs that cause abuse (1970)

Front 19

1992

Back 19

1. Accelerated approval on cancer drugs and aids
2. Could be marketed prior to phase 3 trials provided phase 4 trials were done.

Front 20

1997

Back 20

1. More drugs faster approved
2. More children research
3. Drug companies can give off label articles about their drugs provided they do research.

4. Drug companies have to give 6 months notice about drugs going off market.

Front 21

Absorption

Back 21

site of admin to into blood

Front 22

Distribution

Back 22

from blood to interspecial tissues of body

Front 23

Metabolism

Back 23

alteration of drug usually in liver.

Front 24

Excretion

Back 24

drugs out of the body

Front 25

To cross a memrane

Back 25

1. Lipid soluble
2. transport system
3. through channel or pore. not many pores are small enough.

Front 26

Polar molecules

Back 26

Uneven distribution of electrical charge. No net charge. Hard time passing through the cell.

Front 27

Ions

Back 27

have a charge...very small and only the smallest go through the membrane.

Front 28

Aborption

Back 28

1. better blood flow the better.

2. the larger the surface area. In the intestine instead of the stomach.

3. Lipid soluble very much better

Front 29

entertic coated pills

Back 29

1. protect stomach from acid and pepsin in the stomach

2. to protect the stomach from any drugs that cause discomfort.

Front 30

Distribution

Back 30

movement from the blood to interstial speace of tissue

Front 31

Distribution

Back 31

1. blood flow to tissues tumors abscess.

2. blood exiting the vascular system..through capillary beds

3. Can it enter the cells. The ability for the cell to enter the cell.

Front 32

Blood-Brain barrier

Back 32

lipid soluble can move through

transport can work if already set up.

Front 33

Metabolism

Back 33

1. Pass through the liver.
2. Helps those who are lipid soluble get ready for execretion from the kidneys
3. Can lead to toxicity if not broken down.

Front 34

First pass effect

Back 34

Certain drugs can be inactivated by the liver ex. nitroglycerin.

Front 35

Excretion

Back 35

Most important organ: kidney
2. out of hte body into breat milk

Front 36

theraputic range

Back 36

b/t minimum effect and toxicity.

Front 37

Half-life

Back 37

time required to reduce the amount of drug by fifty percent

Front 38

Loading dose

Back 38

1st inital dose

Front 39

Plateau phase

Back 39

how drug bulidisin the body when multiple doses are given

Front 40

pharmacodynamic

Back 40

what drugs do to the body and the mechanism which is done.

Front 41

Dose patient relationship

Back 41

Determine Min
Determine Max
Determine the amouthn of drug increases that produces a disered effect.

Front 42

Maximal Efficacy

Back 42

LARGEST EFFECT A DRUG CAN PRODUCE. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT IN A DRUG. This is also dependent on individuals.

Front 43

Relative Potency

Back 43

NOT AN IMPORTANT QUALITY. Amount of drug to have effect.

Front 44

Drug Receptors

Back 44

need to bind to a cellular binding site to produce an effect. We can reverse by taking drug away.

Front 45

Simple Occupancy Theory

Back 45

As receptor site increase the amount of response increases. When all are filled up you should be at max efficency.

Front 46

Affinity is directly related to potoncy

Back 46

the more drug-the stronger the attraction b/t a drug and its receptors.

Front 47

Agonists

Back 47

Drug molecules that activate receptors. These have HIGH affinity and HIGH intrinic activity.

Front 48

Antagonists

Back 48

Drug molecules that prevent activation at receptor sites. No intriic activity. YES...then have HIGH affinity.

Front 49

Partial Agonist

Back 49

Has only moderate intrinic activity-acts as antagonist or Agonists....can be bothF

Front 50

4 primary families on cell membrane

Back 50

1. cell membrane embedded enzyme lie on surface of cells

2. Ligand-gated ion channel; millisecond; lie on surface of cells.

3. G protenin couples receptor system. Shake receptor sites; for this to be cmoplete we must have an entire family of G protein effects.

4. Transcription Factors-DNA replication. w/i nucleus rather then on surface. Responses are delayed...takes longer for reception to occur. Responsible for DNA and protein Sythesis. Anatogist are hypersentified. Agonist get tired.

Some drugs don't need receptors like anticipetics and antacids.

Front 51

Idiosyncratic effect

Back 51

genetic predispostion to certian drugs

Front 52

Iatrogenic

Back 52

produced from drug you are taking like glucose intoleranc from HTN drugs.

Front 53

Drug Tolerance

Back 53

decrease responsive to a srug as a result of repeated dose.

Front 54

Pharmacoldynamic drug toleratance

Back 54

long term, mrophine, paxil is thought to reslut from process that occur in response to chronic receptor occupation.

Front 55

Metabolic Tolerance

Back 55

accelerated metabolism. Need more meds.

Front 56

Tachyphylaxis

Back 56

reduction in drug response brought on by repeated dosing over time.