Pharmaceutical Analysis

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Pharmaceutical analysis

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1. Analytical chemistry

2. Priciples of electrochemical analysis

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Substance

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A single/ a mixture of compounds or any of the dosage form

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Analyte

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Sample to be analysed

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Classification of analyte (COA)

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MaSMiSUT

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Widely used type of analyte

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Semi micro

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(COA) Macro

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0.1 g or more

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(COA) Semi micro

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0.01 to 0.1 g

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(COA) Micro

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0.001 to 0.01 g

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(COA) Sub micro

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0.0001 to 0.001 g

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Ultramicro

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Below 10^-4 g

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(COA) Trace analysis

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100 to 10000 ppm

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Qualitative analysis

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The tests are performed to indicate whether the substance or compound is present in the sample or not.

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Quantitative analysis

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These techniques are mainly used to quantify any compound or substance in the sample.

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Various types of Qualitative analysis:

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CEIB

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(QLA) Chemical methods

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➢Volumetric or titrimetric methods ➢Gravimetric methods ➢Gasometric analysis

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(QLA) (CM) Titrimetric or volumetric methods

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Require simple and less apparatus and they are susceptible of high accuracy.

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(QLA) (CM) Various types of titrimetric methods are

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ACPON

i) Acid-base titrations (neutralization reactions) ii) Complexometric titrations iii) Precipitation titrations iv) Oxidation reduction titrations v) Non aqueous titrations

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(QLA) (CM) Gravimetric methods

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Insoluble precipitate in the purest form, which is then collected and weighed.

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(QLA) (CM) Gasometric analysis

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Gasometry involves measurement of the volume of gas evolved or absorbed in a chemical reaction. Some of the gases which are analysed by Gasometry are CO2,N2O, cyclopropane, amyl nitrate, ethylene, N2 , helium etc.

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(QLA) Electrical methods

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PCPoVAm

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(QLA) (EM) Potentiometry

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Electrical potential of an electrode

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(QLA) (EM) Conductometry

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Electrical conductivity of an electrode

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(QLA) (EM) Polarography, Voltametry and Amperometry

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Electrical current at a micro-electrode.

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Instrumental methods of analysis

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Spectroscopic methods

Ultra violet, visible, infra red, atomic absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy etc.

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Biological:

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The potency of a drug (Bioassy)

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Microbiological:

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Potency of antibiotic or anti- microbial agents

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Concentration:

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The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.

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Dilute:

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Solution that contains a small proportion of solute relative to solvent

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Concentrated:

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Solution that contains a large proportion of solute relative to solvent

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Unsaturated:

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Solution in which more solute will dissolve.

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Saturated:

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Solution in which no more solute will dissolve.

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EXPRESSION OF CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

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❖Percent (%) ❖Molar(M) ❖Normal (N)

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Percent solutions

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% W/W

% W/V

% V/V

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% W/W

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100% (W/W) NaCl solution is made by weighing 100 g NaCL and dissolving in 100 g of solvent.

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% W/V

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4% (W/V) NaCl solution is 4 g of NaCl in 100 mL of solvent.

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% V/V

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10% (V/V) ethanol solution is 10 mL of ethanol in 100 mL of solution; unless otherwise stated, water is the solvent.

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MOLAR SOLUTIONS (M)

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Solution that contains 1 mole of solute in each liter of solution. A mole is the number of gram molecular weights (gmw).

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NORMAL SOLUTIONS (N)

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Solution that contains 1 gram equivalent weight (gEW) per liter solution. An equivalent weight is equal to the molecular weight divided by the valence (replaceable H ions).

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How is primary standard solution prepared?

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by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly pure material.

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Requirements for the Ideal Primary Standard Solution

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1. High purity 2. Stability (low reactivity) 3. Low hygroscopicity and efflorescence 4. High solubility (if used in titration) 5. High equivalent weight 6. Non-toxicity 7. Ready and cheap availability 8. Eco-friendliness

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Secondary Standard Solution

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It is a standard solution used for the standardization of an unknown solution.