Ph 162A Lec 4 Prokaryotes

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size range

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0.5-2 um, some 60 um (cyanobacteria)
Epulopiscium fischelsoni - 600um long
Thiomargarita namibia- 750 um
small size ensures a high surface to volume ratio --> can respond to food and stimuli fast

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shapes

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coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, spiral or spirochete (corkscrew),

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size range

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0.5-2um, some 60um (cyanobacteria), Epulopiscium fishelsoni- 600um
Thiomargarita namibia- 750um
high surface: volume ratio because small size, can respond to food and other stimuli fast

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shapes

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coccus, bacillus, occobacillus, spiral or spirochete (corkscrew), square, star-shaped, vibrio (kidney shaped)

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types of aggregations

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-pairs (diplo-)- esp. cocci, divide one plane in pairs, tetrad= 4 (2 planes), sarcinae=8 (3 planes)
-chains- esp. bacilli, divide side by side
-clusters (cocci)- random planes, grapelike clusters= staphylo
-packets (cocci)
-sheets (cocci)

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pleomorphic

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multiple forms; both forms of cocci or bacillus

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colonies

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group of bacteria arising from a single cell

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nutrient absorption

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directly through cell wall; metabolizes

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4 nutritional types

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1.) photoautotrophs- fixes carbon using light as energy, eg. green and purple sulfurs, cyanobacteria
2.)photoheterotrophs- photosynthetic but uses other organic material eg. purple and green bacteria
3.) chemoautotroph- oxidizes inorganic compounds (S, H2S, Fe, H2) eg. nitrifying bacteria, archaea
4.) chemoheterotrophs- most bacteria and most diseases

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types of metabolic pathways

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1.) aerobic- require 16% O2
2.) microaerophilic- require 4-10%
3.) anaerobic require no O2
4.) facultative- live with or without O2

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1.) aerobic glycolysis
2.) aerobic respiration

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aerobes, microaerophilics, and facultatives can perform this
1.) Glc + 2 ATP --> pyruvate
2.) pyruvate --> CO2, water; via krebs

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1.) anaerobic glycolysis
2.) fermentation

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anaerobes and facultatives
1.) Glc + 8 ATP --> pyruvate
2.) pyruvate --> CO2, alcohols

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extracellular enzymes

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enhance ability to absorb nutrients; basis for phenotypic assays used for ID-ing/classifying bacteria

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sensory perception

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chemotaxis- attractive for food source, poisons to stay away from, ability to direct movements according to certain chemicals in their environment
phototaxis- reacts in response to light

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locomotion

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1.) flagella
2.) axial filaments
3.) pilus
4.) slime layer

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flagella

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made of protein flagellin
1.) monocrichons- one flagellum eg. Vibrio cholerae
2.) lophotrichons- many flagella on one end eg. Bartonella
3.) amphotrichons- many flagella on both ends eg. Spirillum serpens
4.) Dentrichons- many all over eg. E. coli

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axial filaments

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only in spirilla, like a corkscrew, not freely moving; interior

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pilus

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prevent moving against their will and conjugation; has fimbriae for attachment

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slime layer

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like teeth overnight; extension of cell wall to adhere tightly to surfaces

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protection

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1.) capsule
2.) endospores
3.) cell wall

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capsule

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form in bacilli and cocci, responsible for bacteria virulence; exterior to cell wall

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endospore

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form within prok cell; triggered by extreme environment; dipicolinic acid and calcium heat resistance

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cell wall

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most proks; prevent every day fluctuation of osmolarity of environ; made of peptidoglycan unit (backbone) provides shape and rigidity and protection from outside

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peptidoglycan

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N-acetylglucosamine + 4 AAs (tetrapeptide) repeats,

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gram +

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thick layer of peptidoglycan, extensively cross-linked, tight rigid lattice, pentapeptide crossbridge, has teichoic acid

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gram -

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thinner peptidoglycan layer, more easily broken by mechanical forces eg. target DNA, fewer cross bridges, outer layer surrounding peptidoglycan with lipoprotein or liposaccharide

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mycoplasma a L forms

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mycoplasma- lack a cell wall
L forms- lost ability to make cell wall

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gram staining

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1.) alkaline dye- crystal violet; heat stain 1 min.
2.) iodine to fix stain 1 min.
3.) decolorize with ethanol to remove stain (negative should be clear)
4.) counterstain- safranin

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remove cell walls

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1.) penicillin for gram positive --> protoplast
2.) lysozyme- for gram negative --> spheroplast

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acid fast stain

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acid-fast stain pink
non acid-fast stains blue

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asexual reproduction

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binary fission- chrom duplicates, transverse septum forms, call wall material grows inward forming a crosswall, cleavage occurs along new wall and pinches in half with 1 chrom in each half

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parasexual methods

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increasing genetic diversity: horizontal gene transfer -- recomb of genes from diff indiv without meiosis and fert. (no crossing over)
1.) transformation
2.) conjugation
3.) transduction

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transformation

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take up a plasmid from surounding when heat shocked; must be correct genus and competent; some DNA frags recombine

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conjugation

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forms a sex pilus, traansfer F+ and large quantities of DNA, F- becomes F+

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transduction

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via bacteriophage; phage DNA inserts itself as a prophage into bact chrom, phage is replicated along with bact DNA prior to binary fission

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cell structure

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cell membrane, cell wall, additional layer, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear region, external structures

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beneficial effects of bacteria

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1.)metabolizers: recycle elements, biodegradation, bioremediation, endosymbionts
2.) industrial uses: antibiotics, food processing, fermentation, research and clinical agents, recombinant DNA, food source
3.) disease prevention
4.) research

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detrimental effects of bacteria

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1.) food spoilage
2.) diseases in plants and animals that are human food sources eg. fire blight on apple trees
3.) disease causation- most human infectious diseases are caused by bacteria