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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the concentration of H+ ions determined by?
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The ratio of Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid
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Nonbicarbonate buffers are what type of system?
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closed buffer system
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What can buffer both volatile and fixed acids?
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Nonbicarbonate buffer system
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This buffer system is considered an open system
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Bicarbonate buffer system
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The bicarbonate buffer system eliminates what type of acids?
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Fixed acids such as:
sulfuric, phosphoric, lactic, and ketoacids |
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Which buffer system is able to eliminate more H+
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the bicarbonate buffer system, which is an open system
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An increase in H+ ions causes the hydration reaction to move in which direction?
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to the left
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An increase in CO2 causes the hydration reaction to move in which direction
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to the right
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What is the hydration reaction equation
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CO2 + H2O «H2CO3«HCO3- + H+
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What type of acid can be excreted in its gaseous form
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volatile acid
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what are the two major mechanisms that maintain a stable pH w/massive CO2 production?
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Aerobic metabolism
& Ventilation |
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What type of acids can be buffered by bicarbonate
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fixed acids (sulpheric, phosphoric, lactic, ketoacids)
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How is the amount of carbonic acid in the blood calculated
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PaCO2 x 0.03 = H2CO3
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What do oxygen analyzers measure to display the oxygen percentage or FiO2?
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PO2 or partial pressure of oxygen
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What are the venous and arterial oxygen tensions that indicate hypoxia?
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PvO2 < 30-35 mmHg
PaO2 < 60 mmHg |
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Which buffer system is a closed system?
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The nonbicarbonate buffer system
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Which buffer system can only remove fixed acids?
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Bicarbonate buffer system
(open system) |
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What values are calculated when using a blood gas analyzer?
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Bicarbonate
BE SaO2 |
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What values are measured when using a blood gas analyzer?
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PaO2
PaCO2 pH |
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What is the Sanz electrode used for
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to measure pH
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What is the Servinghaus electrode used for
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to measure PaCO2
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What is the Clark electrode used for?
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to measure O2
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Why doesn't CO poisoning affect the measured level of PaO2?
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because CO binds to Hb which is calculated and represented by SaO2 and the PaO2 represents dissolved O2
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What formula is used to determine the normal value for PaO2 when compensating for a patients age?
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PaO2 decreases by 1 mmHg for every year that the patient is over 60 years old.
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What values are measured when using a hemoximeter or co-oximeter?
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CO
methHb SaO2 |
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what values are calculated when using a hemoximeter or co-oximeter?
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CaO2 and CvO2
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What are control solutions used for in blood gas analyzers?
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Control solutions w/known values are used to assess if the abnalyzer's reported values are correct
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What does pulse oximetery measure
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the SpO2 which is the %saturation of oxygen to Hb
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What are some examples of closed buffer systems in the body?
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Nonbicarbonate buffers such as plasma proteins, Hb and phosphates
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What is the pH a measure of?
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The H+ concentration in the body
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What is the anion gap used to determine?
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The anion gap is used to determine whether metabolic acidosis is caused by a loss of HCO3 or by an accumulation of fixed acids
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Nonbicarbonate buffer system (closed) is able to buffer what type of acids?
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Nonbicarbonate (closed) buffer system can buffer both fixed and volatile acids
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Bicarbonate (Open) buffer system is able to buffer what type of acids?
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Fixed Acids ONLY
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Which buffer system is the only system that is able to buffer volatile acids?
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Nonbicarbonate (closed) buffer system is the only system able to buffer volatile acids
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Which buffering system has the greatest capacity for buffering H+?
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the open system (bicarbonate) buffering system has the greatest capacity as equilibrium cannot be reached
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The bicarbonate buffering system is able to eliminate what type of acids?
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The bicarbonate (open) buffer system eliminates fixed acids ONLY
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The Nonbicarbonate (closed) buffering system eliminates what type of acids?
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The nonbicarbonate (closed) buffering system can eliminate both volatile and fixed acids
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When volatile acids accumulate, in what direction does the hydration equation move?
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with volatile acid build up, the hydration equation moves to the right due to increased CO2
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What does 6.1 or the pK represent in the Henderson hasselbach equation?
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the pK (6.1) is the logarithmic expression of the carbonic acid equilibrium constant
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What value is indicative of the oxygenation status of a patient
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PO2
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What value is indicative of hypoxia in a patient?
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The SvO2 and the PvO2 is indicative of the presence of hypoxia in a patient
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What is the measuring of the DLCO used for
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DLCO can help identify the destruction of alveolar tissue or loss of alveolar surface area
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What are the volume measuring spirometers used in PFT
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water sealed
dry rolling seal bellows |
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What is the normal PEF
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9.5 or 10 L/sec which is the same as about 600 L/min
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Factors that decrease DLCO
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Anemia
Carboxyhemoglobin Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Fibrosis Emphysema |
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Factors that increase DLCO
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Polycythemia
Exercise CHF |
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FEV1 indicates flow in what airways
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Upper or larger airways
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FEF25-27% indicates flow in what airways
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Lower or smaller airways
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What is the FEV1/FVC ratio used for
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used to determine whether a disorder is obstructive (decreased) or restrictive (n/increased)
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What indicates that airway obstruction is reversible
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an improvement of the FEV1 of 12-15% indicates reversible airway obstruction
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What 3 methods are used to measure the FRC
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Helium dilution
Nitrogen washout Body Box |
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What is the ventilatory pattern in a patient with an obstructive disorder
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Obstructive ventilatory pattern is slow and deep
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What is the ventilatory pattern in a patient with a restrictive disorder
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Restrictive ventilatory pattern is rapid and shallow
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Formula for Raw
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Raw = change P/flow
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Formula for C
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C = change in V/change in P
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