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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A reservoir has oil, water , and gas, write down the formulas to calculate the saturation of each if you know the pore volume is Vp
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oil = So = Vo/Vp
water = Sw = Vw=Vp Gas = Sg= Vg/Vp |
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The unit of porosity is what?
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Porosity is dimensionless
but it can be reported in percent |
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Reservoir simulation requires the determination of velocity, pressure, and saturation as a function of what?
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Time and location
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Why is HF not a preferred acid in carbonate rocks?
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It will cause a reaction that produces precipitates.
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What test is possible to identify vugs?
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X-ray scan
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What are vugs?
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isolated pores
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Relative permeability depends on what?
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Phase saturation and Rock wettability
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In the emulsion (water in oil) water is the
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dispersed phase
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Capillary viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of Newtonian Fluids (T/F)
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True
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Solution of water with soluble salt like NaCl, KCL, and sugar is also A Newtonian Fluid (T/F)
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True
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Reaction of HCL is more vigorous with one of than the other
calcite or dolomite |
Calcite
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The main reason of using HCl in carbonate rock is
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the fact that products from HCl are soluble in water.
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You can beat the egg white to make it thin, is egg white a Newtonian fluid?
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No
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Jim used a caliper to measure the bulk volume of a rock sample, the value was less than the value of the matrix volume told by the TA in the lab for the same sample. Who made the error?
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the TA made the error
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Mud acid is what?
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HCl + HF
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Density of calcite (CaCO3) is 2.7 gm/cc, which is greater than that of SiO2 (T/F)
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True
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A solid-liquid suspension system is called what
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A slurry
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What is a method of oil recovery that injects water into the formation?
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Water Flooding
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When there is no vertical permeability between water and oil zone, the water production can simply be stopped by using a
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Cementing the formation
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Disposal wells are used for what?
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disposing the water produced from the formation
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if there are more than one fluid present in the pore space, the permeability of the rock to a particular fluid is called
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relative permeability
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The tendency of a fluid to adhere to a solid in the presence of other immiscible fluid is called what?
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wettability
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Whether gas is present as a separate phase or dissolved in water, depends on
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pressure
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If there are two phases, oil and water, present in the pore space: write the expression for their respective saturations
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Swater = Vwater/Vpore
Soil= Voil/Vpore |
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if there are more than one fluid present iI the pore space, the space occupied by a particular fluid is given by its what?
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saturation
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For a zone that produces both oil and water , the way to reduce water production is by reducing the
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density of water
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To stop water production, what is pumped in the water zone?
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gel
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What are two types of nonnewtonian fluids?
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suspensions and lubricators
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In Newtonian fluids, the viscosity depends on the ( ) while in non newtonian fluids it depends on ( )
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pressure/temperature
shear stress |
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What is the resistance of a fluid to flow?
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viscosisty
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Cementation can be due to what two things?
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Pressure, temperature
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HF always reacts with clays first because of
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high surface area
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What kind of sand is defined by tightly packed sand particles and grains?
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consolidated
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The two main minerals in carbonate rocks are what?
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dolomite and calcite
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The two most common types of reservoir rock are
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carbonate and sandstone
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The movement of fluids between two zones in a reservoir depends on what?
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vertical permeability
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Darcy's Law is used to determine rock what?
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permeability
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What is the measure of the ability of a porous medium to allow the passage of fluids?
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permeaibility
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( ) of a solid is the type of porosity that actually contributes to the flow of fluids?
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effective porosity
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If you take away the pore volume of a solid from its total the volume, the remaining volume is called the ?
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matrix volume
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The fraction of total volume of a porous medium able to host liquids is called
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absolute porosity
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The density of crude oil is about
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0.8 g/cc
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What are newtonian fluids?
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water, crude oil, and salt water
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Newton's law for viscosity is
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shear stress/shear rate
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If cementation is calcite or dolomite in sandstone, injecting what can trigger sand production?
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HCl
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Darcys's equation is
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q=Delat P*A*K/mew*L
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Can a rock have 4 phases in it? give an example of the four phases.
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yes, water, oil, gas, and solids
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Percenatge saturation is defined as the ration between the ( ) and the ( )? Where there are several fluids inside the reservoir, ( ) percentage should be equal to ( )?
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fluid volume
pore volume total percent saturation 1 |
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( ) is the name of a procecess in which a production engineer stop water production from a water-producing zone. This can be done by using ( ) or ( ). The second method, although cheaper is only used if ( )?
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Water shutoff
gel cement plug natural sealing shale is available |
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When you hear the word of water in the field, you should expect one or more types of production problems such as
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lost of hydrocarbon production, bacteria,corrosion, emulsion, scale disposing problems
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The importance of fluid viscosity can be observed clearly in the petroleum industry in applications such as ?
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water flooding and slowing down settling velocity
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Adding a small amount of polymer to water significantly ( ) its viscosity and the fluid becomes ( ), which means that its viscosity may ( ) with the changing the ( )
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increases
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When using the capillary viscometer ( ) should b kept constant, no ( ) should be present inside the tube, and the tube should be exactly ( )
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temperature
air bubbles verticle |
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Viscosity of Newtonian fluids can be measured in the lab using ( ) which gives the visocisty in a unit of ( )
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capillary viscometer
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Viscosity is defined as the ( ) and has a unit of ( )
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fluid resistance to flow
centiposie |
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Because it is very ( ), HF is produced and prepared ( )
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Dangerous
on the rig |
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Mud acid is a mixture of ( ) and it is used to stimulate ( ) formation, The role that the first component plays is keeping the reaction products ( )
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HCl + HF
Carbonate soluble |
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The main components in sandstone are (), (), and ( ). It may also contain (), (), and ()
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Si02 (silicate)
Fe (iron) Al2O3 (alumina) Na20 (soda) CaO (Lime) MgO (Magnesia) |
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Hydrochloric acid reacts with ( ) formation and doesn not reat with ( )
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carbonate
silica silicates |
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XRD stands for ( ) and it used to ( )
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X-Ray Defraction
identify vugs |
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Mineral is definas as any ( ) salt that has ( ) form
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inorganic
crystaline |
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True density is ( ) than the bulk density because the ( ) density measures the density with having pores inside the body
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lesser
bulk |
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Different rocks have different densities. For example, Calcite has a desnsity of ( ), Dolomite has a density of ( ), and sandstone of ( )
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2.7-2.71 g/cc
2.85 -2.87 g/cc 2.65 g/cc |
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increaseing the rock porosity ( ) rock strength () density, () thermal conductivity, and () electric conductivity
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weakens
decreases increases increases |
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Salty and dense water is used in the field to kill producing wells by increaseing ( ) above the ()
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hydrostatic pressure
target zone |
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Increasing salt concentration in water ( ) density, () boiling temperature, () viscosity, () surface tension, and ( ) electric conductivity
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increases
increases increases increases |
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What sedimentary facie?
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a stratigraphic body distinguishable from surrounding strata by its characteristics and appearance that, in turn, result from the depositional environment
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What is a depositional system?
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a 3D genetically defined, physical stratigraphic unit comprised of a contiguous set of process related sedimentary facies
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What are the primary types sandstone porosity?
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Intergranual: interstital void sapce between framework grains
Micropores: small proes mainly between detrital framework grains or cement (primary or secondary orgin) |
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What are the secondary types of sandstone porosity?
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Dissultion : Partial or complete dissoultuion of or authigenic grains
Fracture : breakage due to earth stresses |
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What are the geologic factors affecting permeability?
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Size and shape of the grains
sorting bloturbation cementaion dissolution rock-fluid interationcs fractures stress |
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What are the carbonate porosity types?
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interparticle: pores between particles or grains
intraparticle: proes within individual particles or grains intercrystal: pores between crystals moldic: pores formed by dissolution of an individual grain or crystal in the rock fenestral: primary pores larger than garin supported interstices fracture formed by a planar break in the rock bug: large pores formed by indiscriminate dissolution of cements and grains |
