Personality Final

Front 1

Behavorism's View of the Science of Personality

Back 1

Explained in terms of causal influence of environment of the person

Front 2

Simple System

Back 2

Contain important features that are same as features of system in which you're interested

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Neutral stimulus

Back 3

Stimulus that doesn't evoke a response

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Unconditioned stimulus

Back 4

Stimulus innately capable of eliciting response

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Unconditioned response

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Innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned stimulus

Back 6

When neutral stimulus begins to evoke a response after being paired with unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned response

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Learned response elicited by conditioned stimulus

Front 8

Positive reinforcement

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Something pleasant is given to make the behavior more likely to happen again

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Positive punishment

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Giving something to decrease behavior

Front 10

Negative reinforcement

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Something unpleasant is removed to make the behavior more likely to happen again

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Negative punishment

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Take something away to decrease behavior

Front 12

Superstitious behavior

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Behavior that is repeated to produce reinforcement, even though it is not necessary

Front 13

Siegal and drugs

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The setting where drugs are used is a conditioned stimulus

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Generalization

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Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned response

Front 15

Discrimination

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The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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Acquisition

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The initial learning stage in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place

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Conditioned aversion

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Learned dislike or negative emotional response to a stimulus

Front 18

Systematic desensitization

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A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias

Front 19

Operant conditioning

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Learning through rewards and punishments

Front 20

Little Albert study

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Poor child is traumatized by loud noises associated with rat

Front 21

Baccus, Baldwin, and Parker study on self-esteem and classical conditioning

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Classical conditioning increased self-esteem

Front 22

Token economy

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People get tokens for many socially desirable or productive behaviors and give tokens for bad behaviors and to get rewards

Front 23

Most effective way to reinforce good behavior

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Reinforce good behavior immediately after it occurs

Front 24

Schedules for reinforcement

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A rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced

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Fixed ratio schedule

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A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer

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Variable ratio schedule

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Varied number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer

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Fixed interval

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The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed is reinforced

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Variable interval schedule

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Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time

Front 29

3 psychological qualities are essential features of persons (Social-Cognitive Theory)

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. People can reason about the world using language

. People can think about their past, present, and future

. People reflect on themselves

Front 30

Competencies and skills

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Differences between people may reflect variations in people's skill in executing different types of action

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Declarative knowledge

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Knowledge we can state in words

Front 32

Procedural knowledge

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Cognitive and behavioral capacities that a person may have without being able to articulate their exact nature

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Evaluative standards

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Mental criteria for evaluating the goodness or worth of events

Front 34

Beliefs

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What people think the world is like and what it will be like in the future

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Expectancies

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Beliefs that are directed to the future

Front 36

Goals

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People have thoughts about what one wants to achieve in the future

Front 37

Goal system

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Have a hierarchical structure, and are not rigid or fixed

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Proximal goals

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A goal that involves an aim that is coming up soon

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Distal goals

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Goals that specify achievements that are far in the future

Front 40

Perceived self-efficacy

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People's perceptions of their own capabilities for action in future situations

Front 41

Outcome expectations

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Beliefs about the rewards and punishments that will occur if one performs a behavior

Front 42

Delay of gratification

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Marshmallow test

Front 43

Rejection sensitivity

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Characterized by anxious expectations of rejection in interpersonal relationship

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Hot focus condition

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Emotion focused

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Cool focus condition

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Logic focused

Front 46

Transference

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A natural by-product of basic social-cognitive processes

Front 47

Anderson's Transference Experiment

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1. Participants wrote a paragraph about a significant person they knew.

2. Participants later read descriptions of target people.

3. Some had overlapping information with paragraph.

4. Later they had to remember info about target people.

5. Looking for "false positives": "Remembering" info about target that aren't actually about target but about significant other.

6. People haf more false positives when target resembled significant other.

7. Transference influences memory and emotional reactions and desires to be close to new person.

8. After a breakup you get a new relationship with similar person, maybe.