Percieving The Arts, Ninth Edition

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a film that exists for its own sake: for its record of movement or form

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Absolute film

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Instrumental music free of any verbal reference or program

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Absolute music

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In visual art and architecture, when each half of a composition is exactly the same

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Absolute symmetry

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Any art that does not depict objects from observable nature or transforms objects from nature into forms that resemble something other than the original model

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Abstract

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A mid-twentieth-century visual art movement characterized by nontraditional brushwork, nonrepresentational subject matter, and expressionist emotional values

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Abstract expressionism

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In theatre and prose fiction, a philosophy arising after world war 2 in conflictwith traditional beliefs and values and based on the contention that the universe is irrational and meaningless and that the search for order causes conflict with the universe

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Absurdism

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In music, a gradual increase in tempo

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Accelerando

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In literature and music, a significant stress on the sylables of a verse or tones of a line, usually at regular intervals. In visual art and architecture, areas of strongest visual attraction.

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Accent

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In literature, the most common metrical system in English poetry, based on both the number of stresses, or accents, and the number of syllables in each line of verse

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Accentual-syllabic verse

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A synthetic paint with a very fast drying time

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acrylic

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A form of abstract expressionism in which paint is applied with rapid, vigorous strokes or even splashed or thrown on the canvas

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Action painting

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In music, a slow tempo

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Adagio

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In sculpture, those works that are built. in color, the term refers to the mixing of hues of light

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Additive

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Also known as atmospheric perspective. in visual art, the indication of distance in painting through the use of light and atmosphere

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Aerial perspective

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Relating to the appreciation of beauty or good taste or having a heightened sensitivity to beauty: a philosophy of what is artistically valid or beautiful

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Aesthetic

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The frame of reference artists create in and around their works to differentiate them from reality. a combination of mental and physical factors

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Aesthetic distance

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A late-nineteenth-century arts movement that centered on the contention that art existed for its own sake, without need for social usefulness.

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Aestheticism

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Influenced by or resulting from emotions

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Affective

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Dependant on chance. in music, using sounds chosen by the performer or left to chance. in film, composition on the spot by the camera operator

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Aleatory

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in literature and drama, a symbolic representation. The representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form. A fictional narrative that conveys a secondary meaning or meanings not explicitly set forth in the literal narrative

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Allegory

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In music, a quick, lively tempo

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Allegro

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In literature, the repetition of consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables

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Alliteration

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In literature, a poetic metrical foot of three syllables, the first two being unstressed and the last being stressed, or the first two being short and the last being long

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Anapest

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In music, a moderately slow tempo

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Andante

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In printmaking, an Intaglio process in which the plate is treated with a resin substance to create textured tonal areas

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Aquatint

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In architecture, a series of arches placed side by side and supported by columns, piers, or pillars

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Arcade

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In architecture, a structural form taking a curved shape

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Arch

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A style of art and architecture dating to ancient, preclassical Greece mid fifth century A.D., typified by the Doric order, post-and-lintel structure, especially in pottery, free-standing statues with stiff, frontal poses

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Archaic

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In Post-and-Lintel architecture, the lintel or lowermost part of an entablature resting directly on the capitals of the columns

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Architrave

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In theatre, a stage/audience arrangement in which the stage is surrounded on all sides by seats for the audience

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Arena theatre

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In music, a highly dramatic solo vocal piece with musical accompaniment, as in an opera, oratorio, and cantata

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Aria

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In visual art and architecture, a style prevalent between 1925-1940 characterized by geometric designs, bold colors, and the use of plastic and glass materials

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Art Deco

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A phrase coined in the early nineteenth century that expresses the belief that art needs no justification-that is, it needs to serve no political, idactic, or other end

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Art for art's sake

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In architecture and design, a style prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines (whiplash) treated in a flat, linear and relief-like manner

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Art nouveau

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In music, a vocal composition, usually a lyric song intended for recital performance, typically accompanied by piano, in which the text is the principal focus

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Art song

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In the arts, the manner by which the various components of a work are joined together

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Articulation

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A product produced by human craft, paricularly one of archeological, artistic, or historical interest

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Artifact

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In architectures and the decorative arts, a movement particularly in England and the United States from about 1870 to 1920 characterized by simplicity of design and the handcrafting of objects from local materials

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Arts and crafts movement

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In literature, the resemblance of sounds, especially vowels in stressed syllables

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Assonance

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In visual art, a sense of balance achieved by placing dissimilar objects or forms on either side of a central axis. also called "psychological balance"

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Asymmetry

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In music, the absence of a tonal center and of harmonies derived from a diatonic scale corresponding to such a center typical of much twentieth-century music

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Atonality

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In literature, a work about the writer by the writer, it can take a number of forms from informal to formal

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Autobiography

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The vanguard or intelligentsia that develops new or experimental concepts, especially in the arts. These concepts and works are usually unconventional, daring, obscure, controversial, or highly personal ideas

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Avant-garde

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In visual art, the placement of physically or psychologically equal items on either side of a central axis. or the compositional equilibrium of opposing forces. In literature, the syntactically parallel placement of similar, contrasting, or opposing ideas

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Balance

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In dance, a classical or formal tradition resting heavily on a set of prescribed movements, actions and positions

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Ballet

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In architecture, construction of wood using a skeletal framework

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Balloon construction

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A diverse artistic style taking place from the late sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries marked typically by complexity, elaborate form, and appeal to the emotions. In literature, it witnessed bizarre, calculatedly ingenious, and sometimes intentionally ambiguous imagery

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Baroque

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In architecture, a series of arches placed back to back to enclose space

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Barrel vault

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In design and architecture, a twentieth-century german school that consciously attempted to integrate the arts and architecture into a unified statement by seeking to establish links between the organic and technical worlds

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Bauhaus

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In architecture, a horizontal stone or timber placed across a space to carry the weight of the wall or roof above

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Beam

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In architecture, construction in which the wall supports itself, the roof, and the floors

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Bearing-wall

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In music, the equal parts into which a measure is divided

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Beat

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in music, as style of operatic singing utilizing full, even tones and virtuoso vocal technique. Italian for "beautiful singing"

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Bel canto

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In visual art and architecture, when the overall effect of a composition is one of absolute symmetry even though clear discrepancies exist side to side

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Bilateral symmetry

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In music, having two sections or subjects

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Binary

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In literature, a type of nonfiction the subject of which is the life of an individual

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Biography

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In visual art, representing life-forms, as opposed to geometric forms

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Biomorphic

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In literature, unrhymed verse, specifically unrhymed iambic pentameter

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blank verse

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In visual art, a printmaking image such as a woodcut or woodengraving, made from a carved wooden block

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Block printing

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In music, a section or passage, or in literature and drama a section, passage, or scene that serves as a transition between two other sections, passages, or scenes. In music, it occurs in the exposition of the sonata form between the first and second themes

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Bridge

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In architecture, construction in which the wall supports itself, the roof, and the floors

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Bearing-wall

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In printmaking, a metal instrument used to cut lines into the metal plate. The sharp end of the instrument is trimmed to give a diamond-shaped cutting point, while the other end is fitted with a wooden handle

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Burin

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In visual art, a ridge of metal pushed up by the engraving tool when it is pulled across the plate in drypoint printmaking, resulting in a rich velvety texture in the print

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Burr

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In architecture, a sturcture, typically of brick or stone, built against a wall, vault, or arch for reinforcing support

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Buttress

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In architecture, a style dating to the fifth century characterized by central dome resting on a cube and by extensive surface decoration. in painting a hieratic style characterized by stylized elongated frontal figures, rich color, and religious subject matter

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Byzantine

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In music, a particular arrangement of chords to indicate the ending of a musical passage. In literature, a rhythmic sequence or flow of sounds in language; a particular rhythmic sequence of a particular author or literary composition. or, the rising or falling order of strong, long, or stressed syllables and weak, short, or unstressed syllables. or, an unmetrical or irregular arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in prose of free verse that is based on natural stress groups

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Cadence

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In photographa, the first process invented to utilize negatives and paper positives. Invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in the late 1830s

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Calotype

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In visual art, a dark room or box with a small hole in one side, through which an inverted image of the view outside is projected on the opposite wall, screen, or mirror. The image, then, can be traced

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Camera obscura

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In music, a composition in which a theme is repeated in additional voices with the separation of a phrase. In literature, an authoritative list of books accepted as Holy Scripture. Or the authoritative works of a writer. Or a sanctioned or accepted group or body of related works

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Canon

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In music, a composition in several movements for orchestra and chorus often with a sacred text, and utilizing recitatives, arias, and choruses

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Cantata

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In architecture, a structural system in which an overhanging beam is supported only at one end

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Cantilever

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in architecture, the top part of a pillar or column. The transition between the top of a column and the lintel

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Capital

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The purging of emotions through art

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Catharsis

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In visual art, a dry drawing medium made from ocher hematite, white soapstone or black carbonaceous shale

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Chalk

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In drama, literature, and film, a fictional person. or, the driving psychological makeup of a fictional person in a drama, film, or work of literature.

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Character

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In dance, shoes that look like ordinary street shoes but are actually specially constructed for dance

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Character oxfords

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In visual art, a dry drawing medium made from burnt wood

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Charcoal

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In visual art, the technique of using light and shade to develop three-dimensional form. In theatre, the use of light to enhance the three-dimensionality of the human body or the elements of scenery.

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Chiaroscuro

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In music, three or more pitches sounded simultaneously

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Chord

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In dance, the art of creation of a dance work. Also, the arrangement of patterns of movement in a dance

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Choreography

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In visual art, the degree of saturation or purity of a color or hue

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Chroma

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In music a scale consisting of 12 semitones or half steps

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Chromatic scale

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In film, a style of presentation based on complete realism that uses aleatory methods, a minimum of equipment, and a documentary approach

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cinema verite

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In sculpture, a method of casting metal in a mold, the cavity of which is formed of wax, which is then melted and poured away

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Cire-perdue (lost wax)

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A work of art from ancient Greece and Rome. A work of art or artist of enduring excellence

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Classic

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Adhering to traditional standards. May refer to a style in art and architecture dating to the mid-fifth century a.d. in Athens, Greece, or ancient Rome, or any art that emphasizes simplicity, harmony, restraint, proportion, and reason. in Greek Classical architecture, Doric and Ionic orders appear in perpteral temples. in vase painting, geometry remains from the archaic style, but figures have a sense of idealism and lifelikeness. In music, classical refers to a style of the eighteenth century that adhered to classical standards but had no known classical antecedents

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Classical

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The principles, historical traditions, aesthetic attitudes, or style of the arts of ancient Greece and Rome, including works created in those times or later inspired by those times. or, classical scholarship. or, adherence to or practice of the virtues thought to be characteristic of this or to be universally and enduringly valid-that is, formal elegance and correctness, simplicity dignity restraint, order and proportion

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Classicism

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The upper portion of a wall containing windows, when it extends above any abutting aisles or secondary roofs: especially in the nave, transcept, and choir of a church. provides direct light into the central interior space

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Clerestory

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In theatre, film and dance, and narrative literature, the highest or most important crisis or the most forceful rhetorical moment. In music, the highest tone or emotional focal point in a melody or a larger musical composition

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Climax

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In visual art, a composition in which the eye is continually directed back into the frame. Or a self-contained form with a balance of tensions and sense of calm completeness. In music, a form that repeats the introductory theme, in film, a visual style that inclines toward self-conscious designs and carefully harmonized compositions. The frame is exploited to suggest a self-suffecient universe that encloses all the necessary visual information

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Closed form

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In music, drama, and literature, the concluding portion of a work that typically integrates or rounds off previous themes or ideas

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Coda

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Facts and objectivity as opposed to emotions and subjectivity

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Cognitive

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In visual art, a composition of materials and objects pasted on a surface. In literature, a work composed of borrowed and original materials

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Collage

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In architecture, a series of columns placed at regular entervals usually connected by lintels

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Colonade

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In visual art, the appearance of surfaces in terms of hue, value, and intensity. In music, the quality of a tone-also called timbre. In literature, the vividness or variety of emotional effects of language, such as sound image

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Color

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In architecture, a supporting pillar consisting of a base, cylindrical shaft, and capital

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Column

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The genre of dramatic literature that deals with the light or the amusing or with the serious and profound in a light, familiar, or satiric manner

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Comedy

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A witty and cerebral form of comedy that satirizes the manners and fashions of a particular social class or set

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Comedy of manners

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An opera or operetta with a humorous plot, spoken dialogue, and a happy ending

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Comic opera

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In visual art, a hue that, when combined in equal quantities with a second hue, produces gray

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Complementary color

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in theatre, literature, and film, a major part of a dramatic plot-along with exposition and denouement-in which crises arise leading to a climax also a situation or a detail of character that enters into and complicates the main thread of a plot

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Complication

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In visual art and architecture, the arrangement of line, form, mass, and color. Also, the arrangement of the technical qualities of any art form

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Composition

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In architecture, the ability of a material to withstand crushing

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Compressive strength

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In music, an independent composition for orchestra in one movement, typically in sonata form and from the Romantic

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Concert overture

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In music, an extended composition for orchestra and one or more soloists, typically in three movements: fast, slow, and fast

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Concerto

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In music, a composition for orchestra and a small group of instrumental soloists, typically late baroque

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Concerto grosso

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In architecture, a type of building material invented by the Romans made from lime, sand, cement, and rubble mixed with water and poured or molded when wet

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Concrete

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In literature, poetry in which the poet's intent is conveyed by graphic patterns of letters, words, or symbols rather than by the meaning of words in conventional arrangement. The poet uses typeface and other typographical elements in such a way that chosen units-letter fragments, punctuation marks, graphemes(letters), morphemes(any meaningful linguistic unit), syllables, or words-and graphic spaces form an evocantive picture

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Concrete poetry

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In music, a melody comprising notes close together in the scale

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Conjunction melody

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In music, tones that sound agreeable or harmonious together, as opposed to dissonance. In literature, repetition of identical or similar consonants. In all arts, a feeling of comfortable relationship

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Consonance

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The subject matter or theme of a work of art as well as the artist's intent. also the works's meaning to a respondent

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Content

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In architecture, the setting surrounding a building

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Context

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In music, relating to counterpoint or polyphony

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Contrapuntal

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In all the arts, a generally accepted practice, technique, or device

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Convention

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One of the three ancient greek architectural orders. the most ornate and is characterized by slender fluted columns with an ornate, bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves

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Corinthian order

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In any art, the use of contrast in major elements. In music, the use of polyphony as a texture. In literature, the term refers to metrical variation in poetry

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Counterpoint

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In film, extra shots of a scene that can be used to bridge transitions in case the planned footage fails to edit as planned

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Cover shot

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In music, a gradual increase in volume or intensity

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Crescendo

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In fictional literature, film and theatre, a decisive moment in the action

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Crisis

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The act of analyzing a work of art or literature that may or may not involve evaluation of quality and expression of judgement

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Criticism

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In film, the technique of alternating between two independent actions that are related thematically or by plot to give the impression of simultaneous occurrence

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Crosscut

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In visual art, specifically printmaking and drawing, a technique in which a series of parallel lines (hatches) are created to cross from an angle another series of parallel lines creating a sense of tone and shadowing

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Cross-hatching

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An art style originated by picasso and braque around 1907 that emphasizes abstract structure rather than representationalism. Objects are depicted as assemblages of geometric shapes. In literature, abstract structure replaces the narrative

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Cubism

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In film, the joining of shots together during the editing process

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Cut

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In film, a cut that changes the viewpoint of the camera within a shot by moving from a long or medium shot to a close-up without cutting the film

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Cutting within the frame

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A late-twentith-century development that created artificial environments that viewers experienced as real space. It is also known as cyberspace, hyperspace, or virtual reality

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Cyber art

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A group or series of works (plays, poems, novels, or songs) that embrace the same theme. In literature, the complete series of poetic or prose narratives (typically of different authorship) that deal with, for example, the actions of legendary heroes and heroines

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Cycle

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A nihilistic movement in the arts from around 1916 to 1920

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Dada or Dadaism

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In photography, a process(or photograph made from it) using a light-sensitive, silver-coated metallic plate

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Daguerreotype

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A theory of criticism associated with French philosopher jacques derrida that maintains that words can only refer to other words and tries to demonstrate how statements about any text subvert their own meanings, leading to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a single meaning in a work of art, nor can it claim any absolute truth

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Deconstruction

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In music, gradually diminishing loudness or force

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Decrescendo

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In theatre, film, and literature, the final resolution of a dramatic or narrative plot-that is, the events following the climax

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Denoument

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In architecture, small rectangular blocks projecting like teeth from a molding or beneath a cornice

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Dentil

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In film, when both near and distance objects are clearly seen

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Depth of focus

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In music, in sonata form, the second section in which the themes of the exposition are freely developed

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Development

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In music, relating to the seven tones of a standard scale without chromatic alterations

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Diatonic

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In music, the standard minor scale achieved by lowering by one half step the third and sixth of the diatonic or standard major scale

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Diatonic minor

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In literature, a poetic line consisting of two metrical feet

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Dimeter

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In theatre and film, when a character addresses the audience directly

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Direct address

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In theatre, film, and narrative literature, the part of plot comprising revelation of information about characters, personalities, relationships, and feelings

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Discovery

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In music, melody characterized by skips or jumps in the scale. the opposite of conjunct melody

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Disjunct melody

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In film, a transition from one shot to another by fading out and fading in

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Dissolve

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In music or viual art, any harsh disagreement between elements of the composition-that is , discord. In music, a combination of sounds used to suggest unrelieved tension

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Dissonance

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In dance, a short balletic performance presented as an interlude in a play or opera or any short dance or musical work designed strictly as an amusement

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Divertissement

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In film, a work that presents its subject factually, often with interviews and narration

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Documentary film

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In architecture, a circular, vaulted roof

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Dome

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In architecture, the oldest and simplest of the three greek architectural orders it is characterized by heavy columns with plain, saucer shaped capitals and no base

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Doric order

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A verse or prose composition portraying life or character or telling a story involving conflicts and emotion usually for presentation in the theatre

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Drama

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In literature and theatre, a poem in the form of a speech by a character to an imaginary audience

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Dramatic monologue

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In theatre, a classical and neoclassical convention requiring that a play reflect a time period not greater than a day, a place restricted to that within a day's travel, and a single action or plot line

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Dramatic unities

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In visual art, an intaglio print-making process in which a metal plate is scratched with a sharp needlelike tool called a stylus

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Drypoint

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In music, two or multiples of two beats per measure

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Duple

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In music, the various levels of loudness and softness of sounds; the increase and decrease of intensities

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Dynamics

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In film, the composition of a finished work from various shots and sound tracks

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Editing

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In printmaking, the number of prints in an edition. Typically found at the bottom of a print, in pencil, and may consist of a single number or a fraction

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Edition number

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The creation of raised designs in the surface of, for example, paper, leather, or metal

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Empossing

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Identification with another's situation. In theatre and film, a physical reaction to events witnessed on the stage or screen

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Empathy

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A column, often decorative, which is part of, and projects from, a wall surface

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Engaged column

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In printmaking, an intaglio process in which sharp, definitive lines are cut into a metal plate

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Engraving

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In visual art, a work designed to last only a short time

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Ephemeral

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In literature, a long narrative poem in elevated style celebrating heroic achievement. In film, a genre characterized by bold sweeping themes and a protagonist who is an ideal representative of a culture

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Epic

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In literature, a short composition treating a single subject usually from the personal point of view of the author

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Essay

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In film, a long shot at the beginning of a scene to establish the time, place, and so forth

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Establishing shot

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In visual art, a type of intaglio printmaking in which the design comprises lines cut into a metal plate by acid

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Etching

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In theatre, film, and literature, the aspect of plot in which the necessary background information, introduction of characters, and current situation are detailed. In music, the first section of sonata form, in which the first subject(in the tonic key) and second subject(in the dominant key), also sometimes further subjects, are played and often repeated

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Exposition

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An artistic movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that stresses the subjective and subconscious thoughts of the artist and seeks to evoke subjective emotions on the part of the respondant. The struggle of life's inner realities are presented by techniques that include abstraction, distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, fantasy, and symbolism

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Expressionism

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In film, the fade-out is the moving of an image from normal brightness to black; a fade-in is the opposite

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Fade

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In theatre, a light, comic work using improbable situations, stereotyped characters, horseplay, and exaggeration

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Farce

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In literature, a rhyme having two syllables-sometimes applied to three syllable rhyme`

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Feminine rhyme or Double rhyme

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In architecture, an opening such as a window in a structure.

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Fenestration

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In literature, a work created from the imagination of the writer

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Fiction

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In dance, a basic ballet position with the feet close together with the front heel touching the toe of the back foot. The legs and feet are well turned out and wieght is evenly distributed on both feet.

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Fifth position

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In literature, language used to convey meaning or heighten effect, particularly by comparison

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Figure of speech

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Those disciplines that create works (or the works themselves) produced for beauty rather than utility

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Fine art

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In dance, a basic ballet position with the weight equally distributed between the feet, heels together, and toes open and out to the side

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First position

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In architecture, vertical grooves cut in the shaft of a column

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Fluting

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A semidetached buttress

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Flying buttress

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In visual art and architecture, an area of attention. In photography and film, the degree of acceptable sharpness in an image

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Focus

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In theatre, film, and literature, a character presented as a contrast to another character so as to point out or to show to advantage some aspect of the second character

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Foil

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In dance, a body or group of dances performed to traditional music that is stylistically identifiable with a specific culture, for which it serves as a necessary or informative part

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Folk dance

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In literature, the basic poetic unit of verse meter consisting of any of various fixed combinations or groups of stressed and unstressed or long and short syllables

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Foot

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In two-dimensional art, an area of a picture, usually at the bottom, that appears closest to the viewer

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Foreground

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In visual art, the illusion depicted on a two-dimensional surface, in which figures and objects appear to reced or project sharply into space, often using the rules of linear perspective. In fictional film, theatre, and literature, the organization and presentation of events that prepare the viewer or reader for something that will occure later

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Foreshadowing

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Something that is compact, abridged, or shortened. In visual art, the compacting of three dimensions by linear perspective in order to show depth of space

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Foreshortening

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In any art, a type or genre. Or, the shape, structure, configuration, or essence of something. or, the organization of ideas in time or space

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Form

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In film, a cut that jumps from one image to another, both of which have a similar shape or contour

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Form cut

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Marked attention to arrangement, style, or artistic means (as in art or literature), usually with corresponding de-emphasis of content. Also applied to critics of literature who emphasize the formal aspects of a work

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Formalism

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In music, loud and forceful

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Forte

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In visual art, an object taken from life that is presented as an artwork

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Found sculpture or object

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IN dance, a basic ballet position with the heel of the front foot directly in front of the toe of the back foot with wight evenly distributed and the feet well turned out

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Fourth position

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In painting, a work done on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. The image becomes part of the wall surface as opposed to being painted on it

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Fresco

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In painting, a work done on dry plaster

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Fresco secco

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In architecture, a plain or decorated horizontal part of an entablature between the architrave and cornice. Also, a decorative horizontal band along the upper part of a wall

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Frieze

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In music, a polyphonic composition in which a theme or themes are stated successively in all voices

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Fugue

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In sculpture, works that explore full three-dimensionality and are meant to be viewed by any angle

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Full round

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An artistic movement that began in Italy around 1909 and espoused rejection of tradition so as to give expression to the dynamic energy and movement of mechanical processes

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Futurism

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A distinctive type or category of art, drama, or literature, music, etc. characterized by a particular style, form or content. Also, a style of painting representing an aspect of everyday life, such as a domestic interior, a still life, or a rural scene

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Genre

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In architecture, a domed or vaulted structure of lightweight straight elements made up of interlocking polygons

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Geodesic dome

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A complete, totally integrated artwork; associated with the music dramas of richard wagner in nineteenth-century Germany

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Gesamtkunstwerk

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In sculpture, works emphasizing the qualities of the material from which they are made

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Glyphic

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In architecture, painting, and sculpture, a medieval style based on a pointed-arch structure and characterized by simplicity, verticality, elegance, and lightness. In literature, a style of fiction of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries characterized by medieval settings, mysterious, and violent actions.

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Gothic

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In architecture, a style that imitates the elements of gothic architecture, popular in the united states and europe from the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries

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Gothic revival

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In visual art, a watercolor medium in which gum is added to ground opaque colors and mixed with water

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Gouache

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In dance, a ballet pose with the leg in second position in the air

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Grande seconde

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In visual art, a term referring to those media that use paper as a primary vehicle

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Graphic arts

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In visual art, a dry drawing medium made from carbon

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Graphite

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In architecture, a style that imitates the elements of ancient greek temple design. Popular in the united states and europe during the first half of the nineteenth century

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Greek revival

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The form of drama written by the three great athenian tragedians, aeschylus, sophocles, and euripides

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Greek tragedy

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In music, an unaccompanied, vocal, monophonic, and consonant liturgical chant named for Pope Gregory I. and comprising a body of sacred-that is, religious-music. these were sung in a flexible tempo with unmeasured rhythms following the natural accents of normal latin speech

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Gregorian chant

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In architecture, a ceiling formation created by the intersection of two tunnel or barrel vaults

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Groin vault

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In literature, writings about or the study of the lives of the saints. a sacred form of biography

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Hagiography

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In painting, an abstract style begun in the 1950s and characterized by clearly defined geometric shapes and flat color areas with sharp edges

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Hard-edge

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Also called the New Negro Movement. A period of outstanding artistic vigor centering in the african american enclave of harlem in new york city during the 1920s

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Harlem renaissance

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In music, the arrangement and progression of chords. In visual art, the relationship of like elements such as colors and repeated patterns. In literature, an arrangement of parallel passages for the purpose of showing agreement

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Harmony

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In drawing and printmaking, a technique of placing lines parallel to each other to darken the value of an area

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Hatching

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In visual art, architecture, and theatre, a style dating to the fourth century to the second century A.D. that encompassed a diversity of approaches reflecting an increasing interest in the differences between individual humans and characterized by emotion, drama , and interaction of sculptural forms with the surrounding space. In architecture, it reflected a change in proportions from the classical and itroduced the corinthian order

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Hellenistic

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In literature, a poetic line of six metrical feet

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Haxameter

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Comedy characterized by an appeal to the intellect and written with grace and wit

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High comedy

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In sculpture, relief works in which the figures protrude from the background by at least half of their depth

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High relief or haut-relief

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A movement dating to the late fifteenth to early sixteenth centuries that followed classical ideals and sought a universal ideal through impressive themes and styles. In visual art, figures became types rather than individuals

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High renaissance

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In literature, a novel set in a particular historical period and which tries to convey as accurately as possible the details and sense of that historical period

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Historical novel

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In music, a texture characterized by chordal development supporting one melody

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Homophony

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in visual art, a real or implied line across the picture plane, which, like the horizon in nature, tends to fix the viewer's vantage point

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Horizon line

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In visual art, the spectrum notation of color; a specific pure color with a measurable wavelenght

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Hue

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The areas of learning (art, music, theatre, literature, film, dance, philosophy, and sometimes history) that investigate the human condition, its situations and concerns, as opposed to natural processes

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Humanities

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In literature, one of the four standard feet in poetry. A light syllable is followed by a stressed syllable

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Iambic

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Greek for image. An artwork whose subject matter includes idolatry, veneration, or some other religious content. specifically, in visual art, an image or representation of a sacred personage

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Icon

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Artistic and literary theory or practice that values ideal or subjective visions of beauty rather than formal or realistic ones

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Idealism

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In music and literature, a recurring motif or theme

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Idee fixe

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In literature, depiction of objects, ideas, and feelings literally or through symbols or figurative language

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Imagery

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In visual art, a line in a composition that is not actually drawn but suggested by factors such as alignment of edges of objects

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Implied line

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A mid-to late-nineteenth-century style oritinating in france. In painting, commit it sought spontaneity, harmonious colors, subjects from everyday life, and faithfulness to observed lighting and atmsopheric effects by seeking to capture the psychological perception of reality in color and motion. It emphasized the presence of color within shadows and the result of color and light making an impression on the retina. In music it freely challenged traditional tonality with new tone colors, oriental influence, and harmonies away from the traditional. Gliding chords-that is repetition of a chord up and down the scale-were a hallmark

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Impressionism

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In theatre, an event or decision that creates a complication leading to the resolution of the drama

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Inciting incident

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A printmaking process in which ink is transferred from the grooves of a metal plate to paper by extreme pressure. It includes engravings, etching, and drypoint

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Intaglio

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In visual art, the degree of purity of a hue. In music, theatre, dance, and film, that quality of dynamics denoting the amount of force used to create a sound or movement

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Intensity

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In architecture, a style, related to De Stijl in painting, emerging in Europe around 1910-20, in which structure and exterior design were joined into a form based on rectangular geometry and emerging from the basic function of the building

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International style

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In music, the difference (usually expressed in number of steps)between two pitches

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Interval

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In architecture, one of three orders of greek architecture, characterized by two opposed volutes in the capital. In literature, a foot of verse that comprises either two long and two short syllables or two short and two long syllables

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Ionic

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In film, a masking device that blocks out portions of the screen, allowing only part of an image to be seen. the device is usually circular or oval in shape and can be expanded or contracted

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Iris

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In literature, words used to express something other than, and particularly the opposite of, the literal meaning

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Irony

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In music, a form of music native to America and calling on the African American heritage characterized by strong, flexible rhythms, syncopation, and improvisation

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Jazz

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In dance, a form arising partly from African dance customs, and with a strong improvisational nature, that developed into American social and entertainment dances

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Jazz dance

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In film, the instantaneaous cut from one scene to another or from one shot to another, often used for shock effect

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Jump cut

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Place side by side

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Juxtapose

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A form of Japanese theatre that blends realism and formalism, music dance, mime, and spectacular staging and costumes

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Kabuki

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In visual art, the relative lightness or darkness of a picture, or colors employed in it, in architecture, the keystone in an arch. In music, a tonal system consisting of seven tones in fixed relationship to a tonic

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Key

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In sculpture, an archaic Greek statue of a standing nude male youth

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Kouros

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In dance, a system for writing down movements

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Labanotation

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In film, the simultaneous fade in and fade out of two scenes so that they briefly overlap

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Lab dissolve

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In music, a very slow tempo, with great dignity

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Largo

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In music, a smooth, even style without break between notes

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Legato

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In music and literature, a dominant recurring theme, phrase, or sentence often associated with a character, situation, or element

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Leitmotif

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In music, in a slow tempo

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Lento

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In music and theatre, the text of an opera or any other kind of musical theatre

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Libretto

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In visual art, a long, thin mark, a color edge, or an implication of continuation. In music, a melody. In literature, a unit in the rhyming structure, of verse formed by grouping a number of the smallest units of the rhythm-for example, syllables, stress, groups, metrical feet-according to some principle characteristic of that type of verse

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Line

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In printmaking, an intaglio plate on which lines have been cut by hand

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Line engraving

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In two-dimensional art, the creation of the illusion of distance through the convention of line and foreshortening

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Linear perspective

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In sculpture, works that emphasize two-dimensional materials such as wire

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Linear Sculpture

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In printmaking, a relief process, in which an artist cuts away negative spaces from a block of linoleum, leaving raised areas to take ink for printing

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Linoleum cut

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In architecture, a horizontal structureal member typically of stone that spans the space between uprights such as columns

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Lintel

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In printmaking, a planographic process using an image rendered on a flat surface, such as a stone, and treated to retain ink while non-image areas are treated to repel ink

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Lithography

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In film, a shot that includes an area within the image that corresponds approximately to the audience's view of the area within the proscenium arch in the live theatre

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Long shot

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In drama or literature, a comedy with no purpose other than laughter-producing entertainment through sight gags, buffoonery, etc

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Low comedy

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Also called bas-relief. In sculpture, a relief work in which figures and forms project only slightly from the background

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Low relief

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In literature, a verse or poem that could be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument (in ancient times, a lyre)

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Lyric

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In music, a secular part song, originating in Italy, for two or three unaccommpanied voices. In literature, a medieval short lyrical poem specifically about love, common in the Renaissance

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Madrigal

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In theatre and film, the scope of universality of the theme

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Magnitude

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In music, a series of seven different tones within an octave, with an eighth tone repeating the first tone an octave higher and comprising a specific pattern of whole and half steps

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Major scale

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In sculpture, a technique in which materials such as clay are shaped by skilled use of the hands

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Manipulation

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A mid- to late- sixteenth-centurey art movement that takes its name from the mannered or affected appearance of the subjects in paintings. It has an intellectual component that distorts reality, alters space, and makes obscure cultural allusions. It contains anticlassical emotionalism and abandons classical balance and form while employing formality and geometry. In architecture, it utilized discomfiting designs of superficial detail and unusual proportions with strange juxtapositions of curvilinear and rectilinear items

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Mannerism

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A monosyllabic rhyme in poetry or a rhyme occurring only in stressed final syllables

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Masculine rhyme

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In architecture, stone or brickwork

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Masonry

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In visual art and architecture, three-dimensional form having physical bulk. Also the illusion of such a form on a two-dimensional surface

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Mass

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The liturgy of the roman catholic eucharist. In music, it is a choral setting for the liturgy, which contains five sections Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei

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Mass

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In film, a single shot of an entire piece of action

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Master shot

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In music, a basic rhythmic division of a composition marked in the score by vertical lines(bar lines) and containing a fixed number of beats

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Measure

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The process used by an artist. Also, in visual art, the binding agent that holds pigments together

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Medium

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In theatre, a genre characterized by stereotyped characters, implausible plots, and emphasis on spectacle

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Melodrama

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In music, a succession of individual tones that creates a recognizable whole

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Melody

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In literature, a figure of speech that substitutes one word or phrase for another, suggesting likeness between them. Or an implied comparison between two otherwise unlike elements, meaningful in a figurative rather than literal sense

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Metaphor

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In music, the regular succession of rhythmical impulss or beats. In literature, a systematically arranged and measured rhythm in verse. Also in literature, a fixed pattern or a verse form

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Meter

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In theatre, a type of Greek and Roman farce; or a performance using only body movement and gestures without the use of words. in dance or theatre, actions that imitate human or animal movements

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Mime

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A style in visual art and music dating to the 1950s and 1960s. In visual art, it comprises a school of abstract art emphasizing simplification of form and concentrating on nonsensual, impersonal, geometric shapes and forms with no communication passing between artist and respondent. Interpretation is solely the province of the respondent. In music, minimalism is a school or mode of contemporary music characterized by simplified rhythms, patterns, and harmonies. It was reaction against the complexity of serialism and the randomness of aleatory music. In literature, use of the fewest and barest essentials

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Minimalism

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In music, a diatonic scale with a half step between the second and third degrees and any of several intervals above the fifth

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Minor scale

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In music, compositional form, typically a movement, derived from dance, in three/four time and moderate tempo. Usually the third of four movements in a symphony, string quartet, and other works

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Minuet

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In theatre, film, and dance, the complete visual environment of the production, including scenery, lighting, properties, costumes, and physical structure of the theatre

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Mise-en-scene

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In sculpture, the manipulating of a pliable material such as clay. in painting, the appearance of depth and three-dimensionality of form

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Modeling

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In music, a moderate tempo slower than allegretto but faster than andante

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Moderato

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A form of concert dance relying on emotional use of the body, as opposed to formalized or conventional movement such as ballet, and stressing human emotion and the human condition

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Modern dance

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In the arts, it developed as a wide-ranging reaction to Romanticism and realism. It rejected conventional narrative content and conventional modes of expression to depict a world seenas altogether new and constantly in flux. In architecture, a twentieth-century style characterized by the glass and steel rectangular skyscraper (also called International Style) but including a variety of explorations of space and line, including curvilinear treatments and highly symbolic exploration of form. In visual art, a variety of approaches following the intoroductrion of cubism and other works at the International Exhibition of Modern Art (called the Armory Show) in 1913. In dance, it characterizes the nonballet tradition emphasizing angularity and asymmetry

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Modernism

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In music, to change pitch, intensity, or tone or to move from one key to another

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Modulate

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In architecture, a variation of bearing-wall construction in which the wall material is not jointed or pieced together

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Monolithic construction

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In drama or literature, an extended speech by one person

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Monologue

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In music, a texture comprising a single melodic line

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Monophony

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In visual art, a single print pulled from a hard surface prepared with a painted design. Each print comprises an individual artwork

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Monoprint

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In the visual arts, the process of making a single composition by combining parts of other pictures so the parts form a whole and yet remain distinct. In film, a type of cut handled either as an indication of compression or elongation of time, or as a rapid succession of images to illustrate an association of ideas

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Montage

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In visual art and architecture, works actually or appearing larger than life size

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Monumental

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In music, a polyphonic composition for choir based on a sacred Latin text(other than the Mass) and typically sung without accompaniment

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Motet

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in visual art, music theatre, film, dance, or literature, a short, recurring theme, idea, melody, or other element

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Motif

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In music, a self-contained section of an extended composition such as a sympony

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Movement

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In music, theatre, and film, a comedic piece that intersperses dialogue with songs

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Musical comedy

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In music, an approach from the 1990s that comprises improvised music freely drawing on jazz and rock and eliciting vibrancy, liveliness, and personal expression. Its literal translation means "current" and it represents a number of subfactions from various localities, always seeming to involve a strain of humor

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Musiqe actuelle

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A narratively expanded symbol or a traditional story of historical events that serves to illustrate a cultural worldview, practice, or belief

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Myth

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In literature, a verse or poem that tells a story. Its main forms are the epic and the ballad

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Narrative verse

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In the arts, a style dating to the late nineteenth century that rests on accurate, nonemotional re-creation of elements from real life. it's related to realism

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Naturalism

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In sculpture, any empty space or opening in a work. In film, any empty or unfilled space in the mise-en-scene often acting as a foil to the more detailed elements in a shot

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Negative space

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From the mid-1980s, a conglomerat style, like postmodernism, comprising mostly individualistic approaches. It borrows freely from others by modifying or changing the scale, media, or color of older works to give them a new framework and, hence, new meaning, including sarcasm and satire typically aimed at the decadence of American society in the 1980s

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Neo-abstraction

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Adherence to or prictice of the ideals and characteristics of classical art, literature, and music. In painting, it emerged in the eighteenth century. In theatre, the sixteenth. In music the twentieth century. In architecture, it was eclectic; in painting, it reflected a perception of grandeur in antiquity with classical details, starkness of outling, and strong gometric composition. Likewise in sculpture. in theatre, the "unities' of time, place, and action were reinterpreted from thewritings of Aristotle. In music, eighteenth century classicsm rejected the excessive ornamentation of the baroque seeking instead to achieve order, simplicity, and careful attention to form through variety and contrast in mood, flexibility of rhythm, homophonic texture, memorable melody, and gradual changes in dynamics. Twentieth-century music is marked by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity

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Neoclassicism

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In painting, a controversial late-twentieth-century movement that tends to record images society tends to repress. It seeks to force the viewer to confront what might be considered repulsive images in order, like exspressionism, to evoke a particular response in the viewer

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Neo-expressionism

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Post-world war II movement in art, film, and literature. In film, it used hidden cameras and emphasized an objective viewpoint and documentary style. It followed in the tradition of verismo, in which superficially naturalistic works are informed by a degree of populism and sentimentality

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Neorealism

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in film, a group of young French direcors who came to prominence in the 1950s, the most widely known of whom are Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and Alain Resnais

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New wave

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Classic Japanese dance-drama with an heroic theme, chorus, and stylized acting, costumes, and scenery

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No. or Noh drama

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In painting, a night scene. In music, a pensive, dreamy instrumental composition, usually for piano

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Nocturne

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In literature, works based on fact rather than imagination, although, can contain some fictional elements

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Nonfiction

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Without reference to reality; may be defferentiated from abstract

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Nonobjective

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Without reference to reality; including abstract and nonobjective

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Nonrepresentational

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In literature, a lengthy and complex fictional prose narrative dealing imaginatively with the human condition using a connected series of events and a group of characters in a specific setting

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Novel

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In film, a camera position based on a third-person viewpoint

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Objective camera

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In music, eight tones comprising a scale. The interval between two pitches, one of which is double the frequency of the other. In literature, a stanza of eight lines

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Octave

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In literature, a ceremonious lyric poem uniting emotion and general dedication. The form usually exhibits an exaltation of feeling and style and has lines of varying lengths along with complex stanza forms

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Ode

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In painting, a medium using linseed oil as a pigment binder

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Oil

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In film, an all-knowing narrator who provides the spectator with all the necessary information

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Omniscient point of view

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In literature, the use of words whose sounds suggest their nature. Or naming something by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it

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Onomatopoeia

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In dance, a ballet technique utilizing special shoes in which thedancer dances on the points of the toes

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On point

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A painting style from the late twentieth century that plays on the possibilities offered by optics and perception. Intellectually oriented and systematic, it uses perceptual tricks and misleading images to attract the viewer into a conscious exploration of what the optical illusion does and why it does it

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Op art

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In art, composition that allows the eye to escape the frame or a form with irregular contours leaving a sense of unresolved tension. In music, composition that does not return to the initial theme-for example, fugue and cannon. in film, stress on informal compositions and apparently haphazard design. The frame acts as a temporary masking that arbitrarily cuts off part of the action

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Open form

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A theatrical presentation with drama set to music

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Opera

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Comic opera that usually does not have spoken dialogue and typically uses satire to treat a serious topic with humor

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Opera buffa

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Any opera, regardless of subject matter, that has spoken dialogue

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Opera comique

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Serious opera, usually grand in scale and tragic in tone. Highly stylized and treating heroic subjects such as gods and heroes of ancient times

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Opera seria

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A type of opera that has spoken dialogue but usually characterized by popular themes, a romantic mood, and often a humorous tone. Frequently considered more theatrical than musical, its story line is usually frivolous and sentimental

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Operetta

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In music, a semidramatic work, without acting, scenery, or costumes, often on a religious theme, for orchestra, choir, and soloists

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Oratorio

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In music, a large instrumental ensemble divided into sections such as strings, woodwinds brass, and percussion. In theatre, the section of seats on the ground floor of the auditorium directly in front of the stage. Also, the cicular playing area of an ancient greek theatre

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Orchestra

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In architecture, one of the systems used by the Greeks and Romans to decorate and define their buildings

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Order

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In music, a short instrumental composition intened as an introduction to a larger work. Or, an instrumental composition inteneded as a stand-alone performance piece

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Overture

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In visual art, the composite use of color by an artist in an artwork. Or, a flat piece of board or other material that a painter holds and on which pigments can be mixed. In music and literature, the range of qualities employed by a composer or writer in a particular work

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Palette

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In film, to follow a moving object with the camera

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Pan

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In theatre, a genre of Roman drama in which an actor played various parts, without words, with a musical background. In dance, the transmission of emotions and meaning through gesture

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Pantomime

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In dance, a dance for two individuals, especially in ballet

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Pas de deux

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In visual art, a dry drawing medium of dried paste comprising pigments and a water-based binder made into crayons. Also, a soft, delicate, or pale hue

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Pastel

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In architecture, a wide, low-pitched gable atop the facade of a Greek style building. Also, a similar triangular element used above window or door openings

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Pediment

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In visual art, a wet drawing medium

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Pen and ink

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In architecture, a triangular section of vaulting used to anchor a dome to the rectilinear structure below it

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Pendentive

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In literature, a poetic line of five metrical feet

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Pentameter

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A genre of art comprising a mulitidisciplinary, live, theatrical presentation, usually involving the audience. Typically involves nontheatre artists and a nontheatre environment

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Performance art

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The arts, such as dance, theatre, and music, that are performed before an audience

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Performing arts

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In film, the continuance of a visual image on the retina for a brief time after the removal of the object

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Persistence of vision

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In two-dimensional art, the representation of distance and three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface

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Perspective

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In literature, a poem of 14 lines divided into an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet with a variable rhyme scheem- it can be cdecde, cdcdcd, or cdcdce or some other variation that never ends in a final couplet

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Petrarchan sonnet

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In music, part of a melody

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Phrase

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In music, commit softly or quietly

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Piano

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In literature, a type of novel dealing with the episodic adventures of a rogue

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Picaresque novel

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In visual art, any substance used as a coloring agent

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Pigment

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In music, the quality of a sound-its highness or lowness- which is governed by a specific number of vibrations per second. In architecture, the angle of a roof

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Pitch

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In printmaking, a process that prints from a smooth surface

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Planography

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In visual art and film, commit capable of being shaped or molded; or, three dimentional

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Plastic

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In printmaking, a sheet of metal or other material prepared for use as a printing surface in photography, a light-sensitive sheet of glass or metal which a photographic image can be recorded. In architecture, in wood-frame construction, a horizontal member that caps the exterior wall studs and on which the rafters rest

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Plate

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In printmaking, a ridged or embossed effect created by the pressure used in transferring ink to paper from a metal plate in the intaglio process

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Platemark

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In theatre, film, and narrative literature, the structure of the work comprising crisis, climax, exposition, comlication, and denouement, foreshadowing, discovery, and reversals

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Plot

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In literature, a composition in verse

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Poem

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One of the major divisions or genres of literature. A work designed to convey a vivid and imaginative sense experience through the use of condensed language selected for its sound and suggestive power and meaning, and employing specific technical devices, such as meter, rhyme, and metaphor. There are three major types-narrative, dramatice, and lyric

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Poetry

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In literature, and film, the perspective from which a story is related to the reader or viewer

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Point of view

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In music, a texture comprising two or more independent melodic lines sounded together

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Polyphony

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A style of art that portrays everyday life and uses techniques from commercial art and popular illustration

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Pop art

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In ballet, one of the five basic positions of the arms and legs

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Position

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In architecture, a structural system in which horizontal pieces are held up by vertical columns, utilizes wooden posts and beams held together by nails or pegs

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Post-and-lintel

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In visual art, a diverse style dating to the late nineteenth century that rejected the objective naturalism of impressionism and used form and color in more personal ways. It reflects an "art for art's sake" philosophy

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Postimpressionism

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In visual art, architecture, dance, and literature, a diverse, highly individualistic style that rejects modernism and its principles. It is distinguished by eclecticism and anachronism, in which works may reflect and comment on a wide range of stylistic expressions and cultural-historical viewpoints, including preaking down the distinctions between "high art" and popular culture. Self-reference is often at the center of creation and presentation. One common them appears to be a basic concern for how art functions in society. In architecture, it seeks social identity, cultural continuity, and sense of place

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Postmodern

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In architecture, concrete using metal rods and wires under stress or tension to cause structureal forces to flow in predetermined directions

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Post-tensioned concrete

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In architecture, an early-twentieth-century movement created by Frank Lloyd Wright that relies on strong horizontal lines, in imitation of the flatness of the american prairies and insists on integrating the context of the building and creating indoor space that is an extension of outdoor space

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Prairie style

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In architectuer, concrete cast in place using wooden forms around a steel framework

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Precast concrete

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In painting, an early to mid-twentieth-century movement that arranged real objects into abstract groupings often using the strong, vibrant colors of commercial art

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Precisionism

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Originationg in the Americas prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492

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Pre-Columbian

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In music, a piece or movement serving as an introduction to another section or composition and which establishes the key, also the overture to an opera, oratorio, or act of an opera. Also a short composition from the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, usually for keyboard

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Prelude

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A group of young british painters who rebelled against what they considered the unimaginative and artificial historical painting of the royal academy in the mid-nineteenth century. The name evokes the direct and uncomplicated portrayal of nature in Italian Painting

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Pre-Raphaelites

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In visual art and theatre design, any color that cannot be made by mixing other colors-that is, in pigment:red, blue, and yellow. in light: red, blue, and green

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Primary color

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From the late twentieth century, a movement in sculpture that pursues extreme simplicity of shapes and a kinship with architecture. Viewers are invited to share an experience in three-dimensional space in which they can walk around and/or through the works. Form and content are reduced to their most minimal qualities

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Primary structures

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An original, hand-produced picture that has been transferred from a printing surface-that is, block or plate-is usually destroyed after the desired number of prints in the edition has been made.

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Print

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Music intended to depict or suggest nonmusical ideas or images through a descriptive title or text

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Program music

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In theatre, film, and dance, any object other than scenery and costumes that appears onstage during a theatrical production, film or dance

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Property

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In visual art and architecture, the relation, or ratio, of one part to another and of each part to the whole with regard to size, height, width, length, or depth

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Proportion

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In theatre, a form of theatre architecture in which a frame separates the audience from the stage also the frame or arch itself also, in the Greek classical theatre, the area between the background and the orchestra

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Proscenium

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In literature, a genre distinguished from poetry by its use of irregular rhythms and greater adherence to the patterns of everyday speech

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Prose

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In theatre, film, and literature, the leading actor or personage in a play or narrative work-that is, the major character around whose decisions and actions the plot revolves

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Protagonist

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In theatre, dance film, and narrative literature, the risisng action to a peak which then tapers to a conclusion

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Pyramid structure

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In music, patterns of four beats to the measure

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Quadruple meter

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Also called differential focus. In film, when the object is clearly shown while the remainder of the scene is out of focus

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Rack focus

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In visual art, the symmetrical arrangement of elements around a central point

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Radial symmetry

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In visual art and theatre, a mid-nineteenth-century style seeking to present an objective and unprejudiced record of the customs, ideas, and appearances of contemporary society through spontaneity, harmonious colors, and subjects from everyday life with a focus on human motive and experience

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Realism

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In sonata form, the third section in which the exposition is repeated, often with variations

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Recapitulation

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In music, a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech and often serving to lead into an aria

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Recitative

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In architecture, poured concrete containing steel reinforcing bars or mesh to increase its tensile strength

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Reinforced concrete

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In printmaking, process by which the ink is transferred to the paper from raised areas on a printing block

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Relief Printing

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The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, and literature originating in Italy in the fourteenth century and lasting through the sixteenth century that marked the transition from medieval to modern times. Painting had gravity and monumentality, using deep perspective and modeling, spatial naturalism, and strong, detailed, very human figures. Freestanding sculpture, exhibited a focus on anatomy

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Renaissance

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Reiteration of elements in a work of visual art, architecture, theatre, dance, film, music, and literature so as to create a sense of unity

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Repetition

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In visual art and theatre, having the appearance of observable reality

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Representational

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In music a composition for a mass for the dead

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Requiem

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In theatre, film, and narrative literature, the part of plot comprising a turn of fortune

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Reversal

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In literature, an echoing by two or more words with similar sounding final syllables

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Rhyme

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The relationship, either of time or space, between recurring elements of a composition. The regular or ordered repetition of dominant and subordinant elements or units within a design or composition

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Rhythm

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In architecture, a structure in which arches are connected by diagonal as well as horizontal members

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Ribbed vault

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In music, a decrease in tempo

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Ritardando

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In music, a type of composition usually in a baroque concerto grosso, in which the tutti plays a ritornello, alternating with one or more soloists playing new material

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Ritornello form

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In dance, a group of dances that perform some religious, moral, or ethical purpose in society

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Ritual dance

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An eighteenth-century style in architecture and visual art, developed in France from the baroque and characterized by elaborate and profuse ornamentation, often in the form of shells, scrolls, and the like. In architecture, it manifested itself in interior design and furniture. In painting and sculpture, a decorous style exhibiting intimate grace, charm, and delicate superficiality

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Rococo

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From the turn of the Common Era and the reign of Augustus Caesar, it copied classical Greek forms but added, in architecture, the round or Roman arch

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Roman classicism

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A style in visual art and architecture, from the eleventh through early twelfth centuries in Europe characterized by rounded arches on doorways and windows. It is massive, static, and comparatively lightless. In sculpture, it was fairly diverse, typically attached to that type of buildings, stone, and monumental

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Romanesque

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A philosophy as well as a style in all the arts and literature, dating to the late eighteenth through nineteenth centuries. In architecture, it borrowed styles from previous eras while experimenting with modern materials. It also sought an escape to the past. In painting, the style turned to emotionalsim, the picturesque, and nature. It fragmented images and dramatized with personal subjectivity. In theatre, the style resulted in dazzling scenery. In literature, music, ballet, it sought the subjective and the colorful reflecting great diversity

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Romanticism

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In music, a compostition based on the alternation of a principal recurring theme and contrasting episodes-that is, a main theme (A) that returns several times in alternation with other themes (ABACA). Often the last movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, and sonata

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Rondo

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In music, a vocal piece in which the same melody is sung at the same pitch but at different times

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Round

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In music, played or sung with rhythmic flexibility

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Rubato

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In literature and drama, the use of ridicule, irony, or sarcasm to hold up to ridicule and contempt vices, follies abuses, and so forth. Also, a work of literature which uses such techniques

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Satire

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In visual art, the degree of white present in a hue. The more white, the less of this is the hue

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Saturation

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In visual art and architecture, a building's size and the relationship of the building and its decorative elements to the human form. In music, an ascending or descending arrangement of pitches

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Scale

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A form of visual art or a three-dimensional artwork. Among the major types are full-round which is freestanding and fully three dimensional; relief, which is attached to a larger background and linear, which emphasizes linear materials like wire. Among the methods of executeion are cast which is created from molten material in a mold; built or assembled, which is created by the addition of, often, prefabricated elements; carved; and manipulated-that is, constructed by manipulating soft materials such as clay

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Sculpture

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In dance, a ballet position with the feet spread apart the length of the foot, weight evenly distributed, and the feet well turned out.

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Second position

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In visual art, colors that result from mixing equal proportions of primary hues

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Secondary

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In literature, a novel that seeks to exploit the reader's sense of tenderness, compassion, or sympathy through disproportionately unrealistic views of the subject

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Sentimental novel

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In music, a mid-twentieth-century type of composition based on the twelve-tone system. the techniques of the twelve-tone system are used to organize musical dimensions other than pitch, for example, rhythm, dynamics, and tone color

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Serialism

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In printmaking a process in which ink is forced through a piece of stretched fabric, part of which has been blocked out

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Serigraphy

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Poem of 14 lines grouped into three quatrains and a couplet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg

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Shakespearean sonnet

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In literature, a brief fictional prose narrative usually concerning a single effect portrayed in a single episode or scene and with a limited number of characters focusing on unity of characterization, theme, and effect

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Short story

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In photography, a view or exposure or a developed photographic image. In film, the images recorded continuously from the time the camera starts to the time it stops-that is, an unedited piece of film

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Shot

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In printmaking, a type of stenciling using screen of silk or other mesh on which a design is imposed and through which ink is forced with a squeegee onto the printing surface

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Silk-screen

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In literature, a figure of speech involving a comparison between two unlike entites explicitly made using the word like or as

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Simile

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In architecture, construction in which a skeletal framework supports the building

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Skeleton frame

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In music, an instrumental piece, ususally in three or four movements and usually for one or two players

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Sonata

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In music, a type of structure usually used in the first movement of a sonata. The three parts are the expostition, development, and recapitulation

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Sonata form

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In music, a group of art songs combined around a similar text or theme

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Song cycle

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In literature, a fixed verse form of Italian origin comprising 14 lines usually of five-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme

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Sonnet

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In music, the characteristic of texture resulting from chordal spacing

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Sonority

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In visual arts, the visible range of hues as measured by wavelength. Or, the colored bands of visible light occuring when sunlight passes through a prism. In music, the audible range of sound as measured in vibrations per second

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Spectrum

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In the theatre, the motivating aspect of a character's persona that an actor seeks to reveal by physical means

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Spine

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In architecture, construction using a metal framework

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Steel cage construction

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In literature, a narrative form in fiction that attempts to capture the whole range and flow of a character's mental processes

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Stream of consciousness

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A form of criticism associated with Roland Barthes that applies to artworks a broader significance, insisting that they can be understood only within the context of the overall structures-that is, universal sets of meaning-of which they are a part

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Structuralism

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The individual characteristics of a work of art that identify it with a particular artist, nationality, historical period, or school or artists

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Style

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In visual art, a sharp, usually metal, pointed instrument for scribing or engraving

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Stylus

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In sculpture, a technique utilizing materials transformed from a pastic, molten, or fluid into a solid state.

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Substitution

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In sculpture, works that are carved. In color, the mixing of pigments as opposed to the mixing of light

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Subtraction

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In music, an instrumental composition, typically in two parts, arising from the baroque period and comprising a set of dance-inspired movements written in the same key but differing in tempo, meter, and character. Can employ solo intruments, small ensembles, or an orchestra

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Suite

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In visual art, a school and theory of geometric abstract art originating in Russia in the early twentieth century

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Supermatism

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A movement in art developed in the 1920s in which artists and writers gave free rein to the imagination, expressing the subconscious through the irrational juxtapositions of objects and themes. The movement took two directions: representational and abstract

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Surrealism

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A form, image, or subject standing for something else

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Symbol

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The suggestion through imagery of something that is invisible or intangible

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Symbolism

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In visual art, theatre, and literature, from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. also known as neo-romanticism, idealism, or impressionism. It held that truth can be grasped only by intuition, not through the senses or rational thought. Thus, ultimate truths can be suggested only through symbols, which evoke in the audience or reader various states of mind that correspond vaguely with the playwrights or writers feelings

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Symbolist Movement

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In visual art, balancing of elements in design by placing physically equal objects on either side of a central axis

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Symmetry

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In music, a phenomenon in which one vibrating body

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Sympathetic vibration

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In music, a composition comprising an extended movemetn, based on an extramusical theme, for symphony orchestra

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Symphonic poem

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In music, the displacement of accent from the normally accented beat to the offbeat

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Syncopation

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In painting, an opaque water color medium, referring to ground pigments, and their color binders such as gum, glue, or egg

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Tempera

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In music, the rate of speed at which a composition is performed. In theatre, film, and dance, the rate of speed of the overall performance

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Tempo

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In architecture and sculpture, the ability of a material to withstand twisting and bending

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Tensile strength

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In music, a three-part structure

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Ternary

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In visual art, colors that result from mixing secondary hues in equal proportions

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Tertiary colors

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A line of four metrical units

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Tetrameter

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In painting and sculpture, the two-dimensional or three-dimensional quality of the surface of a work. In music, the melodic and harmonic characteristics of a composition. In literature, the elements-for example, metaphors, imagery, meter, and rhyme-that are separate from the structure or argument of the work

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Texture

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A style of drama that emphasizes the absurdity of human existence through illogical plots, and so on

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Theatre of the absurd

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A movement in theatre away from the realism and naturalism of the nineteenth century

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Theatricalism

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Exaggeration and artificiality. The opposite of lifelikeness

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Theatricality

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The dominant idea of a work of art, music, film, dance, and literature. In music, a principal melodic phrase in a composition

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Theme

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In music, a form that takes a basic musical idea and repeats it over and over, each time making changes in the melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, or tone color. can be an independent composition or part of a larger work

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Theme and variations

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In dance, a basic ballet position with the heel of the front foot touching the instep of the back foot with legs and feet well turned out

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Third position

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In theatre, a production arrangement in which the audience sits on three sides of the stage

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Thrust stage

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In music, the quality of a tone that distinguishes it from other tones of the same pitch. Also called color or tone color

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Timbre

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A color or hue that has been modified by the addition of a small amount of another color

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Tint

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In dance, a ballet slipper with a reingorced, hardened toe designed to allow the ballerina to dance en pointe

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Toe shoe

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In music, the specific key in which a composition is written. see key. In the visual arts, the characteristics of value

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Tonality

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In visual art, the overall degree of brightness or darkness of a work. In music, sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency

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Tone

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In music, a dissonant group of closely spaced notes played at the same time. Common in twentieth-century music

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Tone cluster

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In music, the timbre of a voice or intrument

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Tone color

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In music, the root tone of a key

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Tonic

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A serious drama or other literary work in which conflict between a protagonist and a superior force concludes in disaster for the protagonist

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Tragedy

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A flaw that brings about a hero's downfall

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Tragic flaw

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A drama combining the qualities of tragedy and comedy

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Tragicomedy

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In literature, a poetic line of three feet or pairs of feet

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Trimeter

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In music, a pattern of three beats to the measure

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Triple meter

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French for "trick the eye" or "fool the eye". A two-dimensional artwork, executed in such a way as to make the viewer believe that a three-dimensional object is being perceived

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Trompe l'oeil

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In ballet, a short skirt typically made of layers of sheer fabric

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Tutu

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In music, relating to or based on an arrangement of the 12 chromatic tones. Also an atonal system of composition based on use of the twelve tones, invented in the 1920s by Arnold Schoenberg, who preferred the term pan tonal

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Twelve-tone

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Also AB form. In music, form that presents a statement (A) and a counterstatement (B)

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Two-part form

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The combination of the parts of a work of art, literature, or building that creates a sense of completeness or undivided total effect

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Unity

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In the visual arts, the range of tonalities from white to black or dark to light

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Value

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In linear perspective, the point on the horizon toward which parallel lines appear to converge and at which they seem to vanish

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Vanishing point

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Repetition of a theme with minor or major changes

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Variation

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In painting, a work depicting expansive city or harbor scenes

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Veduta

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In the arts and literature, the semblance of reality-that is nearness to truth

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Verisimilitude

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In literature, realism as it developed in Italy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. also a style of opera utilizing realistic librettos and production style

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Verismo

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In literature, a line of metrical writing. Also, a unit such as a stanza or metrical writing larger than a single line. Also the shortest division of chapters of the Bible. Also poetry. Also, metrical writing that is distinguished from poetry especially by its lower level of intensity

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Verse

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A wide-ranging, late-twentieth-century genre that emerged from the rebellions of the 1960s as a reaction against conventional broadcast television and is characterized by experiments exploiting new dimensions in hardware and imagery

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Video art

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In visual art, a wet drawing medium similar to water color in painting

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Wash and brush

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In visual art, a paint made up of pigment in a water-soluble binder

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Watercolor

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In photography, a process, developed around 1850, that permitted short exposure times and quick development of the print

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Wet-plate collodion process

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In music, an interval twice as large as a half-step

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Whole step

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In film, a line that passes across the screen eliminating one scene as it reveals the next

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Wipe

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In printmaking, a relief printing technique in which the work is printed from a design cut into the butt of the grain of a piece of wood

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Wood engraving

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In printmaking, a relief printing technique in which the work is printed from a design cut into the plank of the grain of a piece of wood

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Woodcut

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In film, a change, in one continuous movement, from wide angle to telephoto, and vice versa

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Zoom shot