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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binding problem |
how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features |
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perceptual segmentation |
seperating one object from another by texture, colour, etc. |
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perceptual/object constancy |
- even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant - neurons in the temporal lobe respond to thesame object in different forms, and even somtimes just to hearing the word of the object - able to recognize different-looking objects as the same general thing |
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Monocular depth cues (definition |
aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye --> rely on the relationship between distance and size |
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monocular depth cues (examples) |
- linear perspective (vanishing point) - movement: something that moves faster is likely to be closer to you - interposition: recognizing that things that obstruct other things are infront - elevation - shadowing - texture gradient |
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Binocular disparity |
the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth |
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when is binocular disparity especially important? |
when looking at things close up |
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How to tell objects apart from each-other |
- size - grouping: visually separating an object from its surroundings - edge assessment: given an edge/boundary, which region does that edge belong to |
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Theory of Image-based object recognition of objects |
- an object you have seen before is stored in your memory as a template to be compared to future images on the retina |
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Theory of parts-based recognition of objects |
- the brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts - objects are stored in memory as structural descriptions - parts inventories act as an alphabet of elements that can be combined to make objects |
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6 Gestalt principles of visual organization |
- similarity - simplicity - closure - proximity - good continuation - common movement/fate |
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what did gestalt principle of visual organization care about? |
perceiving objects as wholes |
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gestalt principle of closure |
we tend to fill in missing elements of a visual scene, allowing us to perceive edges that are separated by gaps as belonging to complete objects |
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gestalt principle of good continuation |
- we see lines that make a good sensible continuous picture |
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gestalt principle of common movement/fate |
if all of the objects are changing across the surface of our retina together, they are percieved as parts of a single moving object |
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why do some illusions occur? |
our brain can't help but use extra info given and perceive objects as a whole. the extra info sometimes pollutes our perception |
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top-down effect of vision |
- what we know can shape perception - once you know the trick of a visual illusion, will never be tricked again |
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McGurk effect |
- in the case of sound perception, we trust our eyes more than our ears - the vision makes you head something you aren't actually hearing - you will perceive the same thing everytime - the top-down effect for hearing trusts vision |
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Illusory conjunction |
a perceptual mistake where features (eg. colour, shape) from multiple objects are incorrectly combined - happens when its difficult to pay full attention to the features that need to be glued together |
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Feature-integration theory |
focused attention isn't required to detect the individual features of an object, but is needed to bind the necessary features together (attention forms the glue!) |
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Patient R.M. |
- stroke destroyed left & right parietal lobes - many aspects of visual processing were still intact, but had severe problems w/ attending to spatially distinct objects - had an abnormally large number of illusory conjunctions |
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what part of the brain is important for "glueing" different features of an object together |
parietal lobe |
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what controls the "what" pathway? What does it connect? |
The ventral stream. From Occipital lobe to temporal lobe |
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What controls the "where" pathway? What does it connect? |
The Dorsal stream. From occipital lobe to parietal cortex |
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Dr. Kanwisher |
Fusiform face area: area seemingly sensitive to only faces |
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Fusiform face area |
area seemingly sensitive only to faces, in the ventral stream |
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Parahippocampal place area |
place in the temporal lobe that cares alot about locations |
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Who was Mike Tarr? |
Challenged the idea of the fusiform face area b/c experts on birds use it on birds, experts on cars, etc. Developed the fusiform expertise area
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Prosopagnosia |
the inability to distinguish between faces --> impairment in the fusiform face area - a type of visual agnosia that is specific for faces |
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visual agnosia |
the connection between visual processing is compromised, while the two seperately are intact - ability to recognize an object by sight is impaired - can still recognize objects by touch - not a memory problem b/c if you hear keys, you can say "they are keys" |
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what causes visual agnosia |
usually a stroke that damages the occipital/temporal lobe |
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Patient D.F. |
- permanent damage to a larger area of the lateral occipital cortex, an area in the ventral |
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What does the dorsal stream do? |
- Connects occipital lobe and parietal lobe - allows us to know where objects are in space & how to interact with those objects |
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Optic ataxia |
- Damage to parietal lobe impairing the dorsal stream - inability to accurately use vision to guide manual actions - preciseness of knowing where objects in your vision are is compromised - Lots ability to reconstruct space |
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What is visual agnosia NOT |
- not a general memory problem. Still know what objects are |
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What is optic ataxia NOT |
- not a fundamental visual problem - not a movement problem (limbs are fine) |
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What is the MT |
the region in the middle of the temporal lobe that is specialized for visual perception of motion - takes into account the movement of your eyes/head/body and "subtracts" them from the motion across the retinal image |
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Sensory adaptation |
- sensitvity to prolonged stimuli declines over time, we become desensitized |
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Waterfall effect (aka & explanation) |
- Motional afteraffect - After looking at a waterfall for awhile, will experience an upward motion when you look at something still - one set of motion detectors fatigued through adaptation to motion in one direction, so the opposing sensors take over when looking at something still |
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What area of the brain has increased activity during the waterfall effect? |
MT |
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Apparent motion |
the perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations - video games depend on this |
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Change blindness |
the failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene |
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Inattentional blindness |
- a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention - eg. gorilla walking through basketball game |
