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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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attribution theory
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A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour.
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availability heuristic
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The tendency to estimate the likelihood an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.
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base–rate fallacy
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The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical data.
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belief in a just world
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The belief that people get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to disparage victims.
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belief perseverance
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The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited.
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central traits
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Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions.
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confirmation bias
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The tendency to seek, interpret and create information that verifies existing beliefs.
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counterfactual thinking
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The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not.
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covariation principle
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A principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when it occurs and are absent when it does not.
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false–consensus effect
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The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which other people share their opinions, attributes and behaviour.
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fundamental attribution error
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The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people's behaviour.
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implicit personality theory
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A network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviours.
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impression formation
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The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression.
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information integration theory
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The theory that impressions are based on (1) perceiver dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person's traits.
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mind perception
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The process by which people attribute human–like mental states to animate and inanimate objects, including humans.
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need for closure
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The need to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which increases the importance of first impressions.
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nonverbal behaviour
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Behaviour that reveals a person's feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language and vocal cues.
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personal attribution
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Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as mood, effort, personality and ability.
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primacy effect
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The tendency for information presented earlier in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later.
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priming
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The tendency for recently used words or ideas to come to mind quickly and influence the interpretation of new information.
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self–fulfilling prophecy
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The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
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situational attribution
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Attribution to factors external to the actor, such as the task, other people or luck.
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social perception
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A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one other.
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