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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Approach to determine number of measurements in safety study (5)
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1) define scope 2) notify subjects of study 3) become familiar with working situation 4) collect data (encoded-safe and unsafe observations 5) trial run 5a) determine number of obs required 5b) expand to include # of obs calculated
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equation to determine number of observations
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N=4*(1-P)/(A^2*P)
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P
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fraction of unsafe in trial
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N
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number of obs for given 95% confidence
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A
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desired accuracy
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When was resources conservation and recovery act enacted?
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1976
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Who is RCRA enforced by?
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EPA
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National Goals of RCRA(4)
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1)Protect human health and natural env. from the potential hazards of waste disposal 2) energy conservation and natural resources 3) reducing the amount of waste generated, through source reduction and recyling 4) ensuring the management of waste in an environmentally sound manner
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Design Specifications of RCRA(3)
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transport, storage, disposal facilities
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Tracking waste RCRA
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from cradle to grave
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solid waste (EPA)
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may include hazardous waste that is exempt from HW definition by law (household hazardous waste and some small company waste), any type of discarded material
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hazardous waste (EPA)
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poses substantial or potential threats to the public health or environment and requires specific storage, transport, tracking and treatment
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RCRA and the States (2)
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1) some states have more strict requirements for solid/hazardous waste management than federally required 2)RCRA statue authorizes states to manage their own waste programs if approved by EPA
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Characteristic wastes
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ignitable, reactive, corrosive or toxic
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listed wastes
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specifically targeted by EPA
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5 examples of hazardous wastes
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1) sulfuric acid 2) motor oil 3) mercury 4) ethanol 5) battery acid
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What does SARA mean
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Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act
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What does SARA title III do? (7)
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1)stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites 2)required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws and regulations 3)provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools 4)increased State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program 5)increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites 6)encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up 7)increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion
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toxic release inventory (purpose and definition)
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database containing data on disposal or other releases of over 650 toxic chemicals from thousands of U.S. facilities and information about how facilities manage those chemicals through recycling, energy recovery, and treatment; purpose is to inform communities of toxic releases
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chemical stabilization
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Mixed with sludge, Pumped onto land, Solidification occurs
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volume reduction
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incineration, may lead to air emission problems with toxic ash
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waste segregation
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separate into classes of waste
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detoxification
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neutralization (acids/bases), incineration, aerated lagoons/ponds
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degradationg
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soil micro-organisms
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encapsulation
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drums for liquids, clay asphalt for solids
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Approaches to hazardous waste processing (5)
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1) chemical stabilization 2) volume reduction 3) waste segregation 4) detoxification 5) encapsulation
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Characteristics of Typical Nonhazardous Municipal Waste (5)
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1) gross composition 2) moisture content 3) particle size 4) chemical composition 5) density
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top 3 MSWs
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1) paper 2) food 3) glass
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pollution prevention
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1) reduce overall was generation into landfills 2) recognized as a cost cutting approach that increases profits for companies 3) more difficult to apply to consumers
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life cycle analysis
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Holistic approach to product management and pollution prevention
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steps of the life cycle (9)
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1)raw materials 2)manufacturing 3)transport 4)distribution 5) use 6) maintenance 7) recycling 8) disposal 9) env impact
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Properties of Paper Production (9)
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1) uses trees 2) renewable 3) env degradation 4) water pollution 5) 30-50 kg of BOD 6) chlorine produced during pulp processing 7) less easily recycled 8) degrades well 9) burns well 400000 kJ/kg
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Properties of Polystyrene (7)
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1) hydrocarbon from oil sources 2) non renewable 3) no BOD 4) 35-50 Kg of pentane emissions 5) easily recycled 6) burns to produce 20000 kJ/kg 7) does not degrade
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sustainability
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Optimization of a life cycle that
efficiently uses only what can be replenished, with zero net waste, and without causing harm to the environment, living organisms, or the global economy |
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Breakdown of energy consumption of fossil fuels in US
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Petroleum 40%; Natural gas 23%; Coal 23%; Nuclear 8%; Renewable 6%
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two largest classes of waste?
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Paper and food
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Top 3 recyclers
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1) Switzerland 2) Austria 3) Germany
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US recycling world rank
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7th
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Environmental effects of recycling
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1) save on air pollution 2) energy savings
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What industry sectors are the top 2 users of polymers?
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1) packaging 2) construction
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great pacific garbage patch
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7 million tons of plastic waste, twice the size of Texas in the North pacific gyre
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challenges with recycling soft materials
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greater processing to be recycled 2) widepread use of dyes, filler and additive that are too viscous to economically remove 3) no recycling triangle and number 4) biodegradable plastics in recycling bin can cause issues 5) cost 6) impact on properties (mechanical, optical, aesthetic, permeation
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whose job is it to think about sustainability?
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everyone
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biomimicry
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Examination of nature, its models, systems, processes,
and elements to emulate or take inspiration from in order to solve human problems |
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reasons for monitoring fine particle pollution (3)
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1) acid rain 2) visibility 3) health and ecological effects
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occupational health examples
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1) beryllium- used in metal industries and can cause harms to people by exposure to dust 2) cotton dust- occurs in inadequately ventilated facility by exposure to cotton dust
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key challenge to air monitoring
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1) cant be close to big tree 2) cant be down wind of big emitter 3) cant be too high
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noise
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unwanted sound
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5 examples of noise
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1) jackhammer 2) factory machine 3)airplane 4) motorcycle 5) horn
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2 physiological responses to noise
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1) increases heart rate and blood pressure 2) can cause nervousness, sleepless and fatigue
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2 ways to characterize noise
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1) frequencies and amplitudes sound components 2) effects or responses of listeners
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decibel
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L=10log(x/x_ref), x could be pressure, energy, volts, watts
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0 db
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acute threshold of hearing
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typical dB value of pain
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140
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typical dB value of automobile horn
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120
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typical dB value of noisy factory
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90
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typical dB value of average residence
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40
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typical dB value of rustles of leaves
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20
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why is noise a hazard? (5)
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1) harms hearing 2) interferes with understanding speech 3) masks warning signals, alarms 4) is annoying and produces stress 5) reduces productivity
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phon
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sound pressure level (L_p) for a 1000 Hz sine wave
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dB(A) scale
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weighted equivalent to the human response at a loudness of 40 phons (40 dB increase is 16 times as loud) (steepest curve) used for not loud noises
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dB(B) scale
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weighted equivalent to the human response at a loudness of 70 phons (128 times as loud)
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dB(C) scales
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uses a flat response from 0 to 8000 Hz (low and voice type frequencies, but no higher frequencies) (used for loud levels) (flattest curve
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how to measure transient noise?
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have a meter take measurements over a period of time (calculated percentage of time noise is greater than X dB)
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what is X in decibel equation (4)
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pressure, energy, volts, watts
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example of phon
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A 100 Hz Square Wave Requires a High Sound Pressure
to Reproduce the Loudness Sensation of the 1000 Hz Sine Wave Reference Frequency |
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temporary threshold shift
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Prolonged exposure to noise of a certain frequency pattern may causing temporary hearing loss
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how does age effect hearing?
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as you age, the greatest lost occurs at highest frequencies (speech)
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how can noise be controlled
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1. Reducing the sound produced 2. Interrupting the path of the sound 3. Protecting the recipient
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Where was the discussion at the beginning of chapter 9?
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New Brunswick
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Aerial spraying of large forest regions with DDT was done to combat
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budworm beetle
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What industry was DDT spraying was intended to benefit
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pulp and paper
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What species was DDT spraying was intended to save?
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balsam trees
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which species of flies can be re-established quickly after DDT spraying (2)
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midges and black flies
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what unusual situation helped save the salmon runs of the NW Miramichi in 1954? (4)
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1) Older young salmon were killed off the previous year, thereby reducing competition for food 2) Northwest Miramichi were sprayed in one year only 3)The small insects returned the next year and the salmon fry found abundance of food 4) Hurricane dumped fresh rain
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Typical symptoms of DDT poisoning in fish are (2)
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spasms and tremors
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What are alternative ways of controlling pests?
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1) natural parasitism 2) micro-organisms that cause disease in the past 3) less toxic sprays
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During the time of Silent Spring, the chemical most used to kill the fire ant in the Southeastern United States was
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heptachlor
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What concentration of dieldrin was sufficient to kill half the population
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15 parts per billion
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only the target insect or plant but not anything else within the range of the chemical fallout may know the touch of the poison
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false
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What are two mass-spraying campaigns undertaken in the late 1950s
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gypsy moth and fire ant
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The shipment of plants carrying the egg masses was one means of progressive spread of the gypsy moth throughout New England
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true
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milk samples taken from Waller's purebred Guernsey cows 48 hours after the gypsy moth spraying contained DDT in the amount of
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14 ppm
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even before the 1957 spraying, the beekeepers in several areas of New York state had suffered heavily from use of DDT in orchards.
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true
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What port did the fire ant enter?
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Mobile, AL
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Before using the insecticide against the ants, there was much experience of field use for using dieldrin and heptachlor.
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false
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After some research into the peculiar nature of heptachlor was done, people realized the fact that after a short period in the tissues of animals or plants or in the soil, heptachlor assumed a considerably more toxic form known as
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Heptachlor epoxide
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According to Chapter 11, the contamination of our world is simply a matter of mass spraying.
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false
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According to Chapter 11, each of the small-scale exposures to which we are subjected, no matter how slight, contributes to the progressive buildup of chemicals in our bodies and so to cumulative poisoning.
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true
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In Chapter 11, the author mentioned a common insecticide for household use, including assorted use in the kitchen. What is it?
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chlordane
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According to Chapter 11, we are warned that some lotions and creams will dissolve varnish and paint. Therefore, since we apply these lotions and creams to our skin, we should infer that the human skin is impervious to chemicals.
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false
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According to the author, we can hang strips impregnated with the chemical lindane in places such as closets even though advertisements suggest that lindane is dangerous
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false
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According to Chapter 11, we are told by the advertisements that lindane is ( ) and ( )
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safe and odorless
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The Florida State Board of Health found it necessary to forbid the commercial use of pesticides in residential areas by anyone who had not first obtained a permit and met certain requirements in
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1960
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According to Chapter 11, The New York Times found it necessary to warn that unless special protective devices were installed, poisons might get into the water supply by
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back siphonage
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According to the author, a survey undertaken by an industrial firm indicated that fewer than ( ) percent of those using insecticide aerosols and sprays are even aware of the warnings on the containers.
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15
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According to the author, milk was the only food in which no pesticide residues were permitted by Food and Drug Administration regulations at that time.
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false
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What adds to the total wastewater volume?
(2) |
inflow and infiltration
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According to the author, in smaller communities where sewers are unnecessary, wastewater is treated and disposed at the same location as the house.
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true
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one should take serious consideration in designing a septic tank and tile field system on the ability of the ground to absorb the effluent
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true
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Fish and other organisms cannot live in deionized or distilled water.
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true
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For any given wastewater in a particular place, the degree of treatment depends on
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The assimilative capacity of the receiving water
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What is the objective of primary treatment
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removal of solids
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Primary and secondary treatment is effective in removing phosphorous and other nutrients or toxic substances.
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false
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What is commonly used for disinfecting municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents before they are discharged to receiving bodies of water?
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chlorine
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The effluent from a wastewater treatment facility of an industrial plant and storm drainage are labeled ( ) and ( ) respectively
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Point source pollution; Nonpoint source pollution
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In Chapter 10, the best method of achieving velocity reduction and its corresponding cost must be determined on a site-by-site basis.
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True
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What are the three street cleaning methods?
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sweeping, vacuuming, flushing
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nonpoint sources contribute major pollutant loadings to waterways
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true
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it is safe to infer that rivers were contaminated by natural series of events even before humanity.
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true
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What is the 5 major activities of concern in ch 10?
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1) agriculture 2) urban storm water 3) urban stormwater runoff 4) construction 5) silviculture
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the runoff process includes the detachment of soil particles and chemical pollutant only, but not the transport of those
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false
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Chemicals may be bound to soil particles or be soluble in rainwater, in either case, what is the prime mode of transport for solid and chemical pollutants?
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water movement
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land cover conditions can influence the detachment and transport of pollutants. Vegetative cover helps to
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1) Provide protection from the impact of raindrops 2) Make the soil aggregates less susceptible to detachment 3) Furnish roots, stems, and dead leaves
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in many cases, significant portions of the materials are deposited all the way to a stream or lake while only a portion of the pollution is deposited at the base of slopes or foodplains
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false
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delivery ratio
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portion of the pollution detached, transported and actually delivered from its source to the receiving waterway
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two of the most important nonpoint sources of water pollution
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1) runoff from construction sites 2) runoff from paved areas
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BOD is increased and suspended solids are removed by wastewater treatment while heavy metals and radioactive materials are not readily handled in this way
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true
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Primary treatment
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physical processes that remove nonhomogenizable solids and homogenize the remaining effluent
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Whats the most objectionable aspect of discharging raw sewage into watercourses?
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floating material
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Calculate F/M ratio
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F= BOD5 * X mgd * 3.8/454= X lb/day
M= volume of tank*MLSS*3.8*7.48*/454 |
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What does the performance of an activated sludge depend on?
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the performance of the final clarifier
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Are secondary treatment plant effluents still significantly polluted?
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yes
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To ensure the polishing pond to be aerobic, a small pond surface area is needed and light penetration for algal growth is important
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false
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What do the most popular methods to remove phosphate chemically or biologically use?
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lime and alum
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Biological phosphorous removal is becoming increasingly popular since it does not require the addition of chemicals
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true
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