Pcc 401 Test 2

Front 1

Approach to determine number of measurements in safety study (5)

Back 1

1) define scope 2) notify subjects of study 3) become familiar with working situation 4) collect data (encoded-safe and unsafe observations 5) trial run 5a) determine number of obs required 5b) expand to include # of obs calculated

Front 2

equation to determine number of observations

Back 2

N=4*(1-P)/(A^2*P)

Front 3

P

Back 3

fraction of unsafe in trial

Front 4

N

Back 4

number of obs for given 95% confidence

Front 5

A

Back 5

desired accuracy

Front 6

When was resources conservation and recovery act enacted?

Back 6

1976

Front 7

Who is RCRA enforced by?

Back 7

EPA

Front 8

National Goals of RCRA(4)

Back 8

1)Protect human health and natural env. from the potential hazards of waste disposal 2) energy conservation and natural resources 3) reducing the amount of waste generated, through source reduction and recyling 4) ensuring the management of waste in an environmentally sound manner

Front 9

Design Specifications of RCRA(3)

Back 9

transport, storage, disposal facilities

Front 10

Tracking waste RCRA

Back 10

from cradle to grave

Front 11

solid waste (EPA)

Back 11

may include hazardous waste that is exempt from HW definition by law (household hazardous waste and some small company waste), any type of discarded material

Front 12

hazardous waste (EPA)

Back 12

poses substantial or potential threats to the public health or environment and requires specific storage, transport, tracking and treatment

Front 13

RCRA and the States (2)

Back 13

1) some states have more strict requirements for solid/hazardous waste management than federally required 2)RCRA statue authorizes states to manage their own waste programs if approved by EPA

Front 14

Characteristic wastes

Back 14

ignitable, reactive, corrosive or toxic

Front 15

listed wastes

Back 15

specifically targeted by EPA

Front 16

5 examples of hazardous wastes

Back 16

1) sulfuric acid 2) motor oil 3) mercury 4) ethanol 5) battery acid

Front 17

What does SARA mean

Back 17

Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act

Front 18

What does SARA title III do? (7)

Back 18

1)stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites 2)required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws and regulations 3)provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools 4)increased State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program 5)increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites 6)encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up 7)increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion

Front 19

toxic release inventory (purpose and definition)

Back 19

database containing data on disposal or other releases of over 650 toxic chemicals from thousands of U.S. facilities and information about how facilities manage those chemicals through recycling, energy recovery, and treatment; purpose is to inform communities of toxic releases

Front 20

chemical stabilization

Back 20

Mixed with sludge, Pumped onto land, Solidification occurs

Front 21

volume reduction

Back 21

incineration, may lead to air emission problems with toxic ash

Front 22

waste segregation

Back 22

separate into classes of waste

Front 23

detoxification

Back 23

neutralization (acids/bases), incineration, aerated lagoons/ponds

Front 24

degradationg

Back 24

soil micro-organisms

Front 25

encapsulation

Back 25

drums for liquids, clay asphalt for solids

Front 26

Approaches to hazardous waste processing (5)

Back 26

1) chemical stabilization 2) volume reduction 3) waste segregation 4) detoxification 5) encapsulation

Front 27

Characteristics of Typical Nonhazardous Municipal Waste (5)

Back 27

1) gross composition 2) moisture content 3) particle size 4) chemical composition 5) density

Front 28

top 3 MSWs

Back 28

1) paper 2) food 3) glass

Front 29

pollution prevention

Back 29

1) reduce overall was generation into landfills 2) recognized as a cost cutting approach that increases profits for companies 3) more difficult to apply to consumers

Front 30

life cycle analysis

Back 30

Holistic approach to product management and pollution prevention

Front 31

steps of the life cycle (9)

Back 31

1)raw materials 2)manufacturing 3)transport 4)distribution 5) use 6) maintenance 7) recycling 8) disposal 9) env impact

Front 32

Properties of Paper Production (9)

Back 32

1) uses trees 2) renewable 3) env degradation 4) water pollution 5) 30-50 kg of BOD 6) chlorine produced during pulp processing 7) less easily recycled 8) degrades well 9) burns well 400000 kJ/kg

Front 33

Properties of Polystyrene (7)

Back 33

1) hydrocarbon from oil sources 2) non renewable 3) no BOD 4) 35-50 Kg of pentane emissions 5) easily recycled 6) burns to produce 20000 kJ/kg 7) does not degrade

Front 34

sustainability

Back 34

Optimization of a life cycle that
efficiently uses only what can be replenished, with
zero net waste, and without causing harm to the
environment, living organisms, or the global
economy

Front 35

Breakdown of energy consumption of fossil fuels in US

Back 35

Petroleum 40%; Natural gas 23%; Coal 23%; Nuclear 8%; Renewable 6%

Front 36

two largest classes of waste?

Back 36

Paper and food

Front 37

Top 3 recyclers

Back 37

1) Switzerland 2) Austria 3) Germany

Front 38

US recycling world rank

Back 38

7th

Front 39

Environmental effects of recycling

Back 39

1) save on air pollution 2) energy savings

Front 40

What industry sectors are the top 2 users of polymers?

Back 40

1) packaging 2) construction

Front 41

great pacific garbage patch

Back 41

7 million tons of plastic waste, twice the size of Texas in the North pacific gyre

Front 42

challenges with recycling soft materials

Back 42

greater processing to be recycled 2) widepread use of dyes, filler and additive that are too viscous to economically remove 3) no recycling triangle and number 4) biodegradable plastics in recycling bin can cause issues 5) cost 6) impact on properties (mechanical, optical, aesthetic, permeation

Front 43

whose job is it to think about sustainability?

Back 43

everyone

Front 44

biomimicry

Back 44

Examination of nature, its models, systems, processes,
and elements to emulate or take inspiration from in
order to solve human problems

Front 45

reasons for monitoring fine particle pollution (3)

Back 45

1) acid rain 2) visibility 3) health and ecological effects

Front 46

occupational health examples

Back 46

1) beryllium- used in metal industries and can cause harms to people by exposure to dust 2) cotton dust- occurs in inadequately ventilated facility by exposure to cotton dust

Front 47

key challenge to air monitoring

Back 47

1) cant be close to big tree 2) cant be down wind of big emitter 3) cant be too high

Front 48

noise

Back 48

unwanted sound

Front 49

5 examples of noise

Back 49

1) jackhammer 2) factory machine 3)airplane 4) motorcycle 5) horn

Front 50

2 physiological responses to noise

Back 50

1) increases heart rate and blood pressure 2) can cause nervousness, sleepless and fatigue

Front 51

2 ways to characterize noise

Back 51

1) frequencies and amplitudes sound components 2) effects or responses of listeners

Front 52

decibel

Back 52

L=10log(x/x_ref), x could be pressure, energy, volts, watts

Front 53

0 db

Back 53

acute threshold of hearing

Front 54

typical dB value of pain

Back 54

140

Front 55

typical dB value of automobile horn

Back 55

120

Front 56

typical dB value of noisy factory

Back 56

90

Front 57

typical dB value of average residence

Back 57

40

Front 58

typical dB value of rustles of leaves

Back 58

20

Front 59

why is noise a hazard? (5)

Back 59

1) harms hearing 2) interferes with understanding speech 3) masks warning signals, alarms 4) is annoying and produces stress 5) reduces productivity

Front 60

phon

Back 60

sound pressure level (L_p) for a 1000 Hz sine wave

Front 61

dB(A) scale

Back 61

weighted equivalent to the human response at a loudness of 40 phons (40 dB increase is 16 times as loud) (steepest curve) used for not loud noises

Front 62

dB(B) scale

Back 62

weighted equivalent to the human response at a loudness of 70 phons (128 times as loud)

Front 63

dB(C) scales

Back 63

uses a flat response from 0 to 8000 Hz (low and voice type frequencies, but no higher frequencies) (used for loud levels) (flattest curve

Front 64

how to measure transient noise?

Back 64

have a meter take measurements over a period of time (calculated percentage of time noise is greater than X dB)

Front 65

what is X in decibel equation (4)

Back 65

pressure, energy, volts, watts

Front 66

example of phon

Back 66

A 100 Hz Square Wave Requires a High Sound Pressure
to Reproduce the Loudness Sensation of the 1000 Hz Sine Wave Reference Frequency

Front 67

temporary threshold shift

Back 67

Prolonged exposure to noise of a certain frequency pattern may causing temporary hearing loss

Front 68

how does age effect hearing?

Back 68

as you age, the greatest lost occurs at highest frequencies (speech)

Front 69

how can noise be controlled

Back 69

1. Reducing the sound produced 2. Interrupting the path of the sound 3. Protecting the recipient

Front 70

Where was the discussion at the beginning of chapter 9?

Back 70

New Brunswick

Front 71

Aerial spraying of large forest regions with DDT was done to combat

Back 71

budworm beetle

Front 72

What industry was DDT spraying was intended to benefit

Back 72

pulp and paper

Front 73

What species was DDT spraying was intended to save?

Back 73

balsam trees

Front 74

which species of flies can be re-established quickly after DDT spraying (2)

Back 74

midges and black flies

Front 75

what unusual situation helped save the salmon runs of the NW Miramichi in 1954? (4)

Back 75

1) Older young salmon were killed off the previous year, thereby reducing competition for food 2) Northwest Miramichi were sprayed in one year only 3)The small insects returned the next year and the salmon fry found abundance of food 4) Hurricane dumped fresh rain

Front 76

Typical symptoms of DDT poisoning in fish are (2)

Back 76

spasms and tremors

Front 77

What are alternative ways of controlling pests?

Back 77

1) natural parasitism 2) micro-organisms that cause disease in the past 3) less toxic sprays

Front 78

During the time of Silent Spring, the chemical most used to kill the fire ant in the Southeastern United States was

Back 78

heptachlor

Front 79

What concentration of dieldrin was sufficient to kill half the population

Back 79

15 parts per billion

Front 80

only the target insect or plant but not anything else within the range of the chemical fallout may know the touch of the poison

Back 80

false

Front 81

What are two mass-spraying campaigns undertaken in the late 1950s

Back 81

gypsy moth and fire ant

Front 82

The shipment of plants carrying the egg masses was one means of progressive spread of the gypsy moth throughout New England

Back 82

true

Front 83

milk samples taken from Waller's purebred Guernsey cows 48 hours after the gypsy moth spraying contained DDT in the amount of

Back 83

14 ppm

Front 84

even before the 1957 spraying, the beekeepers in several areas of New York state had suffered heavily from use of DDT in orchards.

Back 84

true

Front 85

What port did the fire ant enter?

Back 85

Mobile, AL

Front 86

Before using the insecticide against the ants, there was much experience of field use for using dieldrin and heptachlor.

Back 86

false

Front 87

After some research into the peculiar nature of heptachlor was done, people realized the fact that after a short period in the tissues of animals or plants or in the soil, heptachlor assumed a considerably more toxic form known as

Back 87

Heptachlor epoxide

Front 88

According to Chapter 11, the contamination of our world is simply a matter of mass spraying.

Back 88

false

Front 89

According to Chapter 11, each of the small-scale exposures to which we are subjected, no matter how slight, contributes to the progressive buildup of chemicals in our bodies and so to cumulative poisoning.

Back 89

true

Front 90

In Chapter 11, the author mentioned a common insecticide for household use, including assorted use in the kitchen. What is it?

Back 90

chlordane

Front 91

According to Chapter 11, we are warned that some lotions and creams will dissolve varnish and paint. Therefore, since we apply these lotions and creams to our skin, we should infer that the human skin is impervious to chemicals.

Back 91

false

Front 92

According to the author, we can hang strips impregnated with the chemical lindane in places such as closets even though advertisements suggest that lindane is dangerous

Back 92

false

Front 93

According to Chapter 11, we are told by the advertisements that lindane is ( ) and ( )

Back 93

safe and odorless

Front 94

The Florida State Board of Health found it necessary to forbid the commercial use of pesticides in residential areas by anyone who had not first obtained a permit and met certain requirements in

Back 94

1960

Front 95

According to Chapter 11, The New York Times found it necessary to warn that unless special protective devices were installed, poisons might get into the water supply by

Back 95

back siphonage

Front 96

According to the author, a survey undertaken by an industrial firm indicated that fewer than ( ) percent of those using insecticide aerosols and sprays are even aware of the warnings on the containers.

Back 96

15

Front 97

According to the author, milk was the only food in which no pesticide residues were permitted by Food and Drug Administration regulations at that time.

Back 97

false

Front 98

What adds to the total wastewater volume?
(2)

Back 98

inflow and infiltration

Front 99

According to the author, in smaller communities where sewers are unnecessary, wastewater is treated and disposed at the same location as the house.

Back 99

true

Front 100

one should take serious consideration in designing a septic tank and tile field system on the ability of the ground to absorb the effluent

Back 100

true

Front 101

Fish and other organisms cannot live in deionized or distilled water.

Back 101

true

Front 102

For any given wastewater in a particular place, the degree of treatment depends on

Back 102

The assimilative capacity of the receiving water

Front 103

What is the objective of primary treatment

Back 103

removal of solids

Front 104

Primary and secondary treatment is effective in removing phosphorous and other nutrients or toxic substances.

Back 104

false

Front 105

What is commonly used for disinfecting municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents before they are discharged to receiving bodies of water?

Back 105

chlorine

Front 106

The effluent from a wastewater treatment facility of an industrial plant and storm drainage are labeled ( ) and ( ) respectively

Back 106

Point source pollution; Nonpoint source pollution

Front 107

In Chapter 10, the best method of achieving velocity reduction and its corresponding cost must be determined on a site-by-site basis.

Back 107

True

Front 108

What are the three street cleaning methods?

Back 108

sweeping, vacuuming, flushing

Front 109

nonpoint sources contribute major pollutant loadings to waterways

Back 109

true

Front 110

it is safe to infer that rivers were contaminated by natural series of events even before humanity.

Back 110

true

Front 111

What is the 5 major activities of concern in ch 10?

Back 111

1) agriculture 2) urban storm water 3) urban stormwater runoff 4) construction 5) silviculture

Front 112

the runoff process includes the detachment of soil particles and chemical pollutant only, but not the transport of those

Back 112

false

Front 113

Chemicals may be bound to soil particles or be soluble in rainwater, in either case, what is the prime mode of transport for solid and chemical pollutants?

Back 113

water movement

Front 114

land cover conditions can influence the detachment and transport of pollutants. Vegetative cover helps to

Back 114

1) Provide protection from the impact of raindrops 2) Make the soil aggregates less susceptible to detachment 3) Furnish roots, stems, and dead leaves

Front 115

in many cases, significant portions of the materials are deposited all the way to a stream or lake while only a portion of the pollution is deposited at the base of slopes or foodplains

Back 115

false

Front 116

delivery ratio

Back 116

portion of the pollution detached, transported and actually delivered from its source to the receiving waterway

Front 117

two of the most important nonpoint sources of water pollution

Back 117

1) runoff from construction sites 2) runoff from paved areas

Front 118

BOD is increased and suspended solids are removed by wastewater treatment while heavy metals and radioactive materials are not readily handled in this way

Back 118

true

Front 119

Primary treatment

Back 119

physical processes that remove nonhomogenizable solids and homogenize the remaining effluent

Front 120

Whats the most objectionable aspect of discharging raw sewage into watercourses?

Back 120

floating material

Front 121

Calculate F/M ratio

Back 121

F= BOD5 * X mgd * 3.8/454= X lb/day
M= volume of tank*MLSS*3.8*7.48*/454

Front 122

What does the performance of an activated sludge depend on?

Back 122

the performance of the final clarifier

Front 123

Are secondary treatment plant effluents still significantly polluted?

Back 123

yes

Front 124

To ensure the polishing pond to be aerobic, a small pond surface area is needed and light penetration for algal growth is important

Back 124

false

Front 125

What do the most popular methods to remove phosphate chemically or biologically use?

Back 125

lime and alum

Front 126

Biological phosphorous removal is becoming increasingly popular since it does not require the addition of chemicals

Back 126

true